Chpt. 18, The Rise of Russia

Question 1

Ivan the 3rd

Answer 1

also known as Ivan the Great; prince of Duchy of Moscow; claimed descent from Rurik the Rus, and was responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols in 1462; at this point, he took the title of tsar, which means “Caesar” in Russian

Question 2

Ivan the 4th

Answer 2

also known as Ivan the Terrible, he confirmed the power of the tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars (aristocrats); he continued a policy of Russian expansion, and established contacts with western European commerce and culture; earned his nickname by killing or exiling many of the boyars, whom he suspected of conspiracy, as well as his tendency to fly into violent rages

Question 3

boyars

Answer 3

the Russian aristocratic class

Question 4

cossacks

Answer 4

peasant recruited to migrate to newly seized lands in Russia, particularly in the south; they combined agriculture and military conquests, and spurred additional frontier conquests and settlements

Question 5

Time of Troubles

Answer 5

this period followed the death of the Russian tsar Ivan the 4th in the 17th century without an heir (partially because he killed many potential heirs); the boyars attempted to use the vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; this period ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613

Question 6

Romanov dynasty

Answer 6

the dynasty established in 1613 with the selection of Mikhail, and ending the Time of Troubles, it ruled Russia until 1917

Question 7

Alexis Romanov

Answer 7

the Russian heir to the throne at the time of the Russian revolution and the youngest member of the royal family at the time of their execution (he was a male, despite his name)

Question 8

Old Believers

Answer 8

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many of them were exiled to Siberia or southern Russia, where they became part of Russian colonization

Question 9

Peter 1, aka Peter the Great

Answer 9

he was the son of Alexis Romanov (17th century), and he ruled from 1689 to 1725; he continued the growth of absolutism and conquest; he more definitively changed selected aspects of economy and culture through the imitation of western European models

Question 10

Catherine the Great

Answer 10

a German-born Russian tsarina in the 18th century who ruled after the assassination of her husband (who was the nephew of Peter the Great’s youngest daughter); she gave the appearance of enlightened rule, accepted some Western cultural influences, maintained the nobility as a service aristocracy, and granted the nobility new power over the peasantry

Question 11

Pugachev Rebellion (led by Emelian Pugachev)

Answer 11

during the 1770s in the reign of Catherine the Great, this was a rebellion led by a cossack who claimed to be Peter the Great (Peter was long since dead); he was eventually crushed; this kind of occurrence was typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter

Question 12

partition of Poland

Answer 12

the division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; this eliminated Poland as an independent state, and was part of the expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe

Question 13

serf

Answer 13

a landed peasant who worked on the land of his lord and owed his labor in return for the lord providing him with the things he needed to survive