Chpt. 28, Descent into the Abyss Flashcards
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started WW1
Sarajevo
the administrative center of the Bosnian province of the Austrian Empire; the assassination there of Archduke Ferdinand in 1914 started WW1
Western Front
a front established in WW1 that generally ran along the line from Belgium to Switzerland, and which featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict
Nicholas 2
the tsar of Russia from 1894 to 1917 who forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government; he was deposed by revolution in 1917
Gallipoli
a peninsula south of Istanbul that was the site of the decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WW1
Armenian genocide
an assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against the Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East
Eastern Front
the most mobile of the fronts established during WW1; after early successes here, military defeats led to the downfall of the tsarist government in Russia
Adolf Hitler
the Nazi leader of fascist Germany who from 1933 to his suicide in 1945 created a strongly centralized state in Germany; he eliminated all rivals, and launched Germany on an aggressive foreign policy leading up to WW2, and was responsible for the genocide of many European Jews
Georges Clemenceau
the French prime minister in the last years of WW1 and during the Versailles Conference of 1919; he pushed for heavy reparations from the Germans
David Lloyd George
the prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of WW1 and the turbulent years that followed
self-determination
the right of people in a region to decide whether to be independent or not
League of Nations
an international diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WW; it was one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the US in the peace negotiations, but the US never became a member
National Congress Party
a party in India that grew out of regional association of Western-educated Indians, and was originally centered in the cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; it became a political party in 1885, and focused on the nationalist movement in India; it governed through most of India’s postcolonial period
B. G. Tilak
a man who believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity and who worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; he offended Muslims and other religious groups, and was the first populist leader in the Indian nationalist movement
Morley-Minto reforms
reforms that provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
reforms that increased the powers of the Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians; it was passed in 1919
Rowlatt Act
an act that placed severe restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press that acted to offset the concession granted under the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
Mohandas Ghandi
a man who led a sustained all-India campaign for independence from the British Empire after WW1; he stressed nonviolent and aggressive mass protest
satyagraha
literally, “truth force,” it was the strategy of nonviolent protest that was developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; it was later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the US
Lord Cromer
a British proconsul in khedival Egypt from 1883 to 1907 who pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime
effendi
a class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt who generally favored Egyptian independence
Dinshawi incident
a clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906 that arose over a hunting accident along the Nile River where the wife of a prayer leader of a mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons, leading to a mass Egyptian protest movement that was exacerbated further by a harsh British response
Ataturk
also known as Mustafa Kemal, he was the leader of the Turkish republic formed in 1923, and he reformed the Turkish nation using Western models
Hussein
the sheriff of Mecca from 1908 to 1917, he used the British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in WW1, and he was angered by Britain’s failure to keep their promise; he died in 1931
mandates
governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of WW1; Britain occupied these in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922
Zionists
members of a movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; it was eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine by Israelis
Balfour Declaration
a British minister Lord Balfour’s promise of support for the establishment of a Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917
Leon Pinsker
a European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations was impossible; he argued for a return to the Middle Eastern Holy Land
Theodor Herzl
an Austrian journalist and Zionist who formed the World Zionist Organization in 1897; he promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and the formation of a Jewish state
Alfred Dreyfus
a French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil’s Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and the right in France
World Zionist Organization
an organization founded by Theodore Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine, to form a Zionist state
Wafd Party
an Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following WW1; it was led by Sa’d Zaghlul, and negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922
Sa’d Zaghlul
the leader of Egypt’s nationalist Wafd party; their negotiations with Britain led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922
Marcus Garvey
an African American political leader who had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
W. E. B. Du Bois
an African American political leader who had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
pan-African
an organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and the African diaspora before and after WW1
négritude
a literary movement in Africa that attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture and that celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique; it was associated with the origins of African nationalist movements
Léopold Sédar Senghor
one of the post-WW1 writers of the négritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; he was the president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980
