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T1 > Chpt. 3 Networking > Flashcards

Chpt. 3 Networking Flashcards

1
Q

OSI Model Layers?

All • People • Seem • To • Need Data • Processing.

A 
Layer 1. 
Physical Layer ( Cables, Jacks, Patch Panels, Punch Blocks, Hubs).

Layer 2.
Data Link Layer (How transfer is accomplished) Nic Cards, Bridges).

Layer 3. 
Network Layer (Routing/Switching to diff networks) LAN/Wan IP Address.

Layer 4.
Transfer Layer (Error Free Trans between hosts addressing.

Layer 5.
Session Layer (Establish, Synch, Terminates, session between network hosts.

Layer 6.
Presentation Layer (Translates data format from sender to rec.) File encryption.

Layer 7.
Application Layer (Messages) (FTP, SMTP).
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2
Q

Telco Multiplexing DSOs

Analog Voice Freq

A 
Signal:         Bit-Rate:    Voice Ch.
DSO.             64kbps.         1 Ch
DS1.              1.544Mbps.   24 Ch
DS2.              6.3Mbps.       96 Ch
DS3.              44.7 Mbps.    673 Ch
DS4.             274.1 Mbps.    4032 Ch
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3
Q

RS-232

Summary

A

Data Format - 5 to 8 bit serial.

Transfer Type - Asynchronous

Error Handling - Optional Parity Bit

Connector - 25 Pin Female (DCE)
- 25 Pin Male (DTE)

Length - 20 Meters
Speed - 20 Kbps

RS-232 connection between 2 DTE devices very difficult (Must use Null Modem).

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4
Q

RS - 232 (Specs)

A 
Tx Signal Voltage:
--------------------
Binary 0 = +5 to +15 VDC
0 =On, 1 = Off
Binary 1 = -5 to -15 VDC

Binary 0 = +3 to + 13 VDC
Binary 1 = -3 to -13 VDC

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5
Q

RS-232

SERIAL

A

Interface between (DTE) and (DCE) equip.

Used between computers and other peripherals.

Send data 1 bit at a time on 1 line.

Good for long distances.

Good over telephone lines, converted to data by Modem.

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6
Q

RS-232

Parallel

A

Interface between (DTE) Data Termination Equip. and (DCE) Data Communication Equip.

For test equip. Computers and printers.

Requires as many lines as bits in a word.
Ex. 8 bit word = 8 Lines.

Good for short distance.

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7
Q

ATM

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

A

Put Diff. Protocols and Traffic types into common format over Sonet.

Strong in Metro Area Networks.

For higher speed line interfaces.

Traffic Mgmt capabilities.

Terminate traffic, VoIP, DSL and Frame Relay.

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8
Q

Dynamic Packet Transport

Alternative to SONET Ring Topology

A

Cisco Protocol alternative to Sonet.

More efficient transport of data in ring topology.

Can run over dark fiber, Sonet, WDM

Can re-use Bandwidth that would’ve been lost (Sonet can’t)

Bidirectional rings.

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9
Q

Point - Point (Topology)

Ultra High Speed/Long Haul Network

A

Ultra high speed (10 to 40Gbps)

  • Reliable
  • Long Haul Networks (400 km)
  • Protection (Redundancy).
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10
Q

Fiber Chann.

A

Predominant data link technology in Storage Area Networks (SAN).

100, 200, 400 Mbps

Replaces (SCSI) Cheaper

Better distance than SCSI

Each node is optical repeater.

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11
Q

Network Mgmt Tool?

A

Comprehensive Network Tool that controls provisioning, performance monitoring, Fault identification, isolation and remedial action.

Ex. (SNMP).

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12
Q

Sonet Multiplexing

(Hierarchy) OCs - Optical Carrier.

A

Optical Sonet. Bit
Carrier: Signal: Rate:
——– ——– ——-
OC-1 STS-1. 51.8Mbps
OC-3. STS-3. 155.5Mbps
OC-12. STS-12. 622Mbps
OC-48. STS-48. 2.5 Gbps
OC-192. STS-192. 10 Gbps
OC-768. STS 768. 40 Gbps

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13
Q

SAN

Storage Area Network

A
  • Mass Data Storage
  • Centrally Managed
  • Composed of Servers, Storage devices, network devices.
  • Separate Network from LAN
  • Relieves bottlenecks in LAN
  • Data monitoring, transaction processing, backup/restoration.
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14
Q

Sonet?

A

Foundations for MANs

Transport Layer for TDM and Overlay network

Expensive

Inefficient voice and Multiplexing hierarchy

Capacity Limitations

Agnostic Protocol - Transports all traffic types

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15
Q

Fiber Maintenance?

A

Fiber Loss- .25db/km (Attenuation)

Fiber Aging- 2db over life span

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16
Q

Ring Topology?

Most Common, very long distance

A

622Mbps to 10Gbps

1 or more DWDM System

Any to Any Traffic

As few as 4 wavelengths per Chann.

Fewer Nodes than Chann.

17
Q

Mesh Topology

Future of Optical Networks

A

Configurable Optical-Cross Conn. and Switches

All interconnected Optical Nodes

High degree of intelligence for protection and Bandwidth mgmt

Dependent on software for mgmt

MPLS Protocol

18
Q

DWDM compatible with existing Fiber Plant?

A
  • Some older Fiber Types (No)

- Newer Types like (NZ-DSF) Yes

19
Q

DWDM

A
  • Must be complimented by electrical (TDM/FDM) Multiplexing for efficient use of light waves.
  • Increases capacity of fiber
  • Preserves Sonet Infrastructure
  • Alternative to expensive Sonet Upgrade
20
Q

Synchronous

A

Locks all Network clocks in phase and freq. to a common network freq.

21
Q

Asynchronous

A
  • No need for tight clock speed sync between Nodes.
  • Cheaper Transmission
  • Control Chann. To mark start and end of transmission

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