Chpt. 1 T1 Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

3 characteristics of an analog signal

A
  1. frequency - speed Hz
  2. amplitude - size
  3. phase - position (degrees)
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2
Q

What is DDS?

Dataphone Digital Service

A

ATT’s digital data service.

Same as a T1 the only difference is the speed.

Slower than a T1 (2 to 56 Kbps).

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3
Q

What is (NCTE)?

A

Device that formats digital signal for compatibility with long distance networks.

(CSU/DSUs) are NCTEs.

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4
Q

CSUs fix BPVs?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Repeaters Fix BPVs

A

No

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6
Q

Chann. Banks support data?

A

Yes (DSO-A)

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7
Q

Repeater?

A
  • Tx signal from origin to destination w/o errors or affect signal.
  • Often cause of largest amount of problems.
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8
Q

Most popular types of D-Marks Connections.

A
  1. Modular
  2. Connectorized
  3. Punch Down
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9
Q

Diff. Between Chann. Banks and Mux.

A

Chann. Banks 1st T1 Mux.
24 Chann. Interface.
Encoding/Coding in / out of T1 Chann. Banks.
Analog Voice converted to DSO.

  • Mux descendant of Chann. Banks (Sophisticated computer controlled bandwidth Mgr.)
  • Multiplexers are mainly used to increase the amount of data that can be sent over the network within a certain amount of time and bandwidth.
  • A multiplexer is also called a data selector.
  • Multiple-input, single-output switch, and a demultiplexer as a single-input, multiple-output switch.
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10
Q

(CSU)

Chann. Service Unit

A

Network protection FCC part 68.

Test access point.

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11
Q

DACS?
Digital Access Cross Connects.
(Grooming/Like Destinations)

A

Grooming

Circuits from various locations are combined for traffic going to “like” destinations.

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12
Q

When are A bits transmitted?

A

6th Frame of the bit stream.

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13
Q

Diff between Framing / Formatting

A

Framing determines “when/where” a Chann. Is in the bit stream.

Formatting is how user bandwidth is divided/compatible at the end points of a network.

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14
Q

(CRC)

Cyclic Redundancy Checking

A

Error checking.

More accurate than BPV.

Checks Logic Errors too.

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15
Q

Phase?

A

Position of analog signal in degrees.

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16
Q

A/D Conversation?

A

Creates 1st step in T1 = (PCM)
Pulse Code Modulation.

(PCM) digital voices encoded content of a VF Chann. Generated by a modem.

Takes a signal from an analog sinewave to digital binary pulses to be compatible on a data network.

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17
Q

Purpose of Framing?

A

Allows device to know “when/where” a Chann. is in a digital bit stream.

Must know what bit is next / how many have passed.

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18
Q

How many Frames make up a “SuperFrame”

A

12

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19
Q

DSI Frame holds how many Chann.

A

24

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20
Q

How many Chann. Are in a “Standard T1 Format?

21
Q

Main diff. Between “SF / ESF”

A

“SF” 12 Frames for voice signaling/Uses Data lines to detect errors and no maintenance Chann. for testing.

“ESF” has (CRC) for error checking and secondary Maintenence Chann. so testing does not disrupt all circuits.

22
Q

Fractional T1 does not Require Synchronization?

23
Q

Why is Synchronization an issue?

Locks all network clocks in phase/freq.

A

Accuracy/Stability are grouped together that’s “Synchronization”.

Locks all network clocks in Phase / Freq. to common network Freq.

24
Q

Stability?

Clock Never Changes

A

A clocks performance with no other clock source.

Free running

Same time never changes.

25
Accuracy?
Identical bit rates (Same Freq).
26
Stability and Accuracy same?
No
27
Slip? | 2 Bit streams/Diff Bit rates
2 bit streams with diff. Bit rates. 2 types Of slips - controlled/uncontrolled.
28
Stratum? | 4 Stratum
Clock source with long term Stability/Accuracy.
29
BSRF? | Bell System Ref. Freq.
Clock source with long term accuracy. Analog primary clock ref. Stable enough for 2nd clock source to come from.
30
Plesiochronous? | N.S.M.S.N. - Large areas
Non-Synchronous/Hierarchial master-slave network. Own physical clock source. For large areas.
31
Demand Assignment? | Phone A - Phone B
T1 Bandwidth used only when needed by a phone with multiple users. Ex. Phone A not being used, Phone B gets all bandwidth if it is used. (Saves Money).
32
Digital Bandwidth is measured?
(Bps) Bits per second.
33
Analog Bandwidth is measured?
Hertz (Hz)
34
T1 Signaling In-Band or Out of Band?
Standard T1 options use "in-band "signaling.
35
SS7?
European CCITT Protocol. (CC) Common Control. Most popular Common Chann. Signaling. 2 Operating configs. 1. Call Circuit Switching. 2. Database Access/Number Conversion.
36
Common Control Signaling? | Mux several input chann. into - 1 “dedicated” output chann.
Uses multiplexing to combine signal request of several Chann. Into a separate Chann. Dedicated to exclusive signal.
37
Supervision?
Monitor condition of network connections for a change in signal status.
38
Signaling? | Communication between User/Network
User communicates service request to a network. Network communicates service status to user.
39
ADPCM? Adaptive Differential (PCM) (Tracks incoming speech guesses samples).
16-32 kbps. Tracks incoming speech - guessing samples. Sends diff. To other end 4 bits 8000 times per second.
40
Which Publication defines the operation of a Chann. Bank?
Publication 43801
41
When is V.35 Used?
Used for 56kbps or faster data communication. Speeds 0-72kbps.
42
More than 1 data circuit per DS-0 is called?
DSO-B
43
How is Analog Data Handled? | Voice grade data on voice chan
Appears as Voice Chann. (Voice grade data) No special equip. Converted through Modem to binary pulses (PCM).
44
Speed limitation of RS-232?
Speeds up to 20kbps.
45
Why is RS-449 unpopular?
Large 37 pin connector. No new functions for extra pins.
46
What is advantage of Balanced Signaling?
2 wires for signaling Tx / Rx. Higher immunity to noise. Higher speeds over longer distances.
47
What is a secondary Chann?
Used for device-to-Device communication w/o disturbing user data transmission. Uses control bit 1 / 3.
48
``` Sonet Multiplexing (Hierarchy) OCs - Optical Carriers Tx Rates ```
``` Optical Carrier: ---------------- OC-1-51.8 mbps OC-3-155.1 mbps OC-12-622 mbps OC-48- 2.5 Gbps OC-192-10 Gbps OC-768-40 Gbps ``` ``` Sonet Signal: ---------------- STS-1 STS-3 STS-12 STS-48 STS-192 ``` ``` Bit Rate: ---------------- 51.8 Mbps 155.5 Mbps 622 Mbps *2.5 Gbps* *10 Gbps* *40 Gbps* ``` ``` Capacity: ---------------- DS3 - 1 DS3 - 3 DS3 - 12 DS3 - 48 DS3 - 192 ```
49
SONET
Synchronous Optical Networking. Fiber Optic Networks.