CHPT 18: the brain Flashcards
what protects the brain
- csf
- bbb
- cranial bones
- meninges
what structure of the dura mater returns blood to internal jugular veins
dural sinuses
which meninges layer is avascular and the outermost
dura mater
arachnoid mater structures
- archnoid viilus
- subarchnoid
which arachnoid mater structure allows exchange of css
archnoid viilus
where does csf circulate in the arachnoid
subarachnoid
name of dura mater extension
falx
function of falx cerebri
separate the 2 hemispheres
which falx separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
falx cerebelli
function of tentorium cerebelli
separate cerebrum from cerebellum
what glial cells are used in the creation of the bbb
astrocytes
what is the bbb permeable to
- o2
- glucose
- co2
- anesthics drugs
can proteins, antibiotics, pathogens and other harmful substances cross the bbb?
no
how is csf produced
-walls of ventricles lined by chorioid plexus that have ependymal cells
mechanical protection of csf
- absorbs shock
- allow brain to float
chemical protection of csf
creates optimal chemical environment for ap
what takes away metallic wastes away from brain and carries nutrients towards the brain
csf circualtion
what centres represent the medulla
- cardiovascular centre
- vasomotor centre
- medullary respiratory centre
function of cardiovascular centre
regulates rate and force of heart beat and bv diameters
arteriole constriction or elevating BP is the function of
vasomotor centre in medulla
medullary respiratory centre function
- adjust basic rhythms of breathing
- sneezing, coughing, swelling, vomiting
structures of medulla
- inferior olivary nucleus
- gracile and cuneate nuclei
- decussation of pyramide
where do tracts of white matter cross in the medulla
decussation of pyramide
function of gracile and cuneate nuclei
associated with touch, pressure, vibrations and proprioception
which medulla structure relays info abt proprioception in joints and muscles to the cerebellum
inferior olivary nucleus
function of ventral (pontine nuclei) pons
help control breathing
what brain stem structure connects the R and L cerebellum
dorsal regions of pons
function of midbrain
carry / conduct info from lower parts of the brain/ spc to higher cortex
extensions of the midbrain
- superior and inferior colliculi
- substania nigra
- red nuclei
function of superior colliculi
- visual info reflexes, tracking movement of eyeball, head, and neck, in response to visual stimuli
function of inferior colliculi
- auditory info pathway, relays info to thalamus
substance nigra function
- controls involuntary subconscious activity
- produces dopamine
what midbrain structure is lost In PD patients
substance nigra
red nuclei function
controls muscular movements
structures of cerebellum
- arbor vitae
- folia
- vermis
- anterior and posterior lobe
- cerebellar pedulla
- flocculondor lobe
- cerebellar nuclei
name of tracts of white matter in cerebellum
arbor vitae
vermis function
- separates cerebellum lobes
what region of grey mater gives rise to axons in cerebellum
cerebelar nuclei
anterior and posterior lobe of cerebellum function
- govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscles
what cerebellum structure transmits info abt balance to other parts of the Brain
cerebellar pedulla
flocculondor lobe function
equilibrium and balance
structures in the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
function of thalamus
- relay station of sensory impulses
- transmit info from cerebellum to basal ganglia to primary motor cortex
- relays autonomic actives (peristalsis)
structures of the hypothalamus
- the mammary region
- the tuberal region
which region of the hypothalamus is the relay station for sense of smell
the mammary region
the tuberal region function
- connects hypothalamus to pg to release hormones
what region of the diencephalon houses the pineal gland
epithalamus
pineal gland function
- sleep cycle, releases melatonin (released more in dark)
structure of habenuclar nuclei
- olfaction and emotional receptors
structure of cerebrum
- gyris
- sucli
- fissure
how many lobes of the cerebrum are there
5 lobes
structures of the cerebral white matter
- association tracts
- commissural tracts
- projection tracts
association tracts functions
- carries ap from one part of the cerebrum to the same side
commissural tracts functions
- carries ap from one part of cerebrum to another
projection tracts functions
- carries ap from one part of the cerebrum to lower parts of CNs
or to CNS to cerebrum
functional areas of cerebrum
- motor areas
- sensory areas
- association areas
areas in the motor area
- primary motor area
- motor speech aka brocas area
function of primary motor area
- control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
function of motor speech aka brocas area
- regulates patterns for breathing
- controls muscular movement necessary for speech production
areas in the sensory area
- primary somatosensory
- primary visual
- primary gustatory
- primary olfaction area
- primary auditory
primary somatosensory area function
receives and processes sensory info
association area, areas
- somatosensory association area
- visual as
- auditory as
- wernickes area
- integrative area
overall function of sensory area
- receive and process info
overall function of association areas
- in depth understating about sensory info
- recognizes textures, colour, music vs speech
function of wernickes area
- recognizes, understand and comprehension spoken or written language
function of intergrative area
- integrates all sensory, visual, and auditory info
- smelling food hungriness, noticing time
function of limbic system
- feeling all sorts of emotions
- extreme pain or pleasures
- socio-sexual behaviours
- smell + memory
where do CN 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 originate from
medulla
what CN originate from the forebrain
CN 1 and 2
CN 3 and 4 originate from
midbrain
what CN originate from the pons
CN 5, 6, 7
which CN nerves are sensory nerves
CN 1 - Olfactory nerve
CN 2 - Optic nerve
CN 8 - vestibulocochlear nerve
CN 3 - Oculolomotor nerve CN 4 - Trochlear nerve CN 6 - Abducens nerve CN 11 - Accessory nerve CN 12 - Hypglossal nerve are .....
motor nerve
which CN are mixed nerves
CN 5 - Trigeminal nerve
CN 7 - Facial nerve
CN 9 - Glossopharynheal nerve
CN 10 - Vagus nerve
what innervates the olfactory epithelium and takes that info to the brain for interpretation
CN 1 - Olfactory nerve
location of CN 2 - Optic nerve
in retina
what CN innervates extrinsic/ lateral eye muscles and controls activity of muscles
CN 3 - Oculolomotor nerve
location of CN 4 - Trochlear nerve
superior oblique extrinsic muscles
what nerves innervates the face and head (sensory) and the temporalis (motor)
CN 5 - Trigeminal nerve
location of CN 6 - Abducens nerve + function
eye muscles, moves eyeball laterally
what CN nerve innervates the face (motor) and taste buds (sensory)
CN 7 - Facial nerve
sensory function of CN 7 - Facial nerve
-receives input from taste respecters and take info to brain
location of CN 8 - vestibulocochlear nerve + function
- cochlea and semi circular canals + takes auditory info to brain
what CN innervates pharynx (motor) and taste buds (sensory)
CN 9 - Glossopharynheal nerve
location of CN 10 - Vagus nerve (motor)
- pharynx
- larynx
- thoracic and abdominal organs
location of CN 10 - Vagus nerve (sensory)
- taste buds on tongue
- pharynx
- thoracic and abdominal organs
what CN innervates muscles of larynx, pharynx, soft plate and shoulder neck
CN 11 - Accessory nerve
function of CN 11 - Accessory nerve
flex or extend muscles
location of CN 12 - Hypoglossal nerve + function
tongue, move the tongue
