Chp. 9 A Flashcards
What is recombinant DNA?
DNA from two organisms (eg plasmid + foreign DNA)
What is the process of making a recombinant cell?
- Gene of interest is inserted into a self-replicating vector through the use of restriction enzymes which create sticky ends
- Recombinant vector is taken up by a bacterium or a yeast cell
- Cell is allowed to divide many times, producing a culture of clones. All the clones are identical and carry the vector with gene of interest
- Expression of the gene of interest within the clones can produce a large volume of product (protein, enzyme, hormone, etc
How are recombinant cells useful to humans?
- They can be used in therapeutic protein production
- Vaccine development
- Can correct genetic defects in gene therapy
What are some products that are harvested from recombinant cells?
- Proteins
- Enzymes
- Hormones
The process in which organisms with traits better suited to their environments survive and reproduce rather than those that lack those traits is known as ________
Natural selection
The process in which humans actively choose and breed organisms with specific desirable traits is known as ______
Artificial selection
A targeted and specific change in a gene is known as ______.
Why is this important in science?
Site-directed mutagenesis
It is used to study the structure and functions of proteins or DNA, which is valuable for understanding how genetic diseases work.
What are restriction enzymes?
Specifically cut sequences of DNA that recognize specific DNA sequences and cut the DNA at that site
Where do restriction enzymes come from?
Some naturally occur in species of bacteria
Why can’t restriction enzymes cut bacterial DNA?
The presence of methylated cytosines does not allow the restriction enzyme to recognize it and therefore will not cut it
A sequence that reads the same forwards and backwards is known as a _____
Palindromic sequence
How does the blunt end and the sticky ends of restriction enzymes work?
The blunt ends are produced when the enzyme cuts the DNA at the same point whereas the sticky ends are produced with overhangs which make it easy for creating recombinant DNA
Why are restriction enzymes important in genetic engineering?
They cut DNA in a predictable and controllable manner
What is a vector
What are the characteristics of a good vector
What is the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)?
What is PCR used for?
What are the steps of PCR?
What is reverse transcription and what is it used for?
What is reverse transcriptase?
How are genes cloned?
What are the 5 ways of getting DNA into a cell?
- Transformation
- Electroporation
- Microinjection
- Gene gun
- Protoplast fusion
Explain transformation
Explain electroporation
Explain microinjection
Explain the gene gun method
Explain the protoplast fusion method
What is the genomic library and what is its purpose?
A collection of clones containing different DNA fragments
They are used as a source of DNA for obtaining eukaryotic genes because eukaryotic DNA has introns that do not code for protein
How is a genetic library made? (describe from beginning to how each DNA fragment was sequenced!
What is colony hybridization?
What is cDNA?
Describe the process of making cDNA
TRUE OR FALSE:
cDNA is necessary when making a recombinant cell with eukaryotic genes because DNA does not have introns, which are needed to code for protein
FALSE
Eukaryotic DNA does have introns, which DO NOT CODE FOR PROTEINS
Short segments of single stranded DNA complementary to the desired gene are known as _______
DNA probes
Describe the clone selection process
What are the desirable traits of a microbial host?
How are DNA segments sequenced?
What is the purpose of western blotting?
