Chp 5 Lipids Flashcards
Fats provide ___ to ___ percent of the resting body’s energy used to fuel muscular work
80 to 90
fats are the body’s chief form of _____
stored energy
fats serve as an emergency_______ in times of _____ and _______
emergency fuel supply in times of illness and diminished food intake
how does fat protect internal organs from shock?
Through fat pads inside the body cavity.
fats insulate against____ by forming a _____ under the skin
temperature extremes by forming a fat layer under the skin
_____ form the major material of cell membranes.
fats
Lipids are converted to other compounds, such as :
hormones, bile, and vitamin D, as needed,
Food fats provide:
essential fatty acids, fat soluble vitamins, and other needed compounds
fats carry _________ along with some ______ and assist in their absorption.
carry fat soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K along with some phytochemicals
food fats provide a ____ energy source.
concentrated
Fats contribute to the ____ and _____ of foods.
taste and smell
Fats _____ the appetite
Stimulate
fats contribute to the feeling of _____.
Fullness
fats
solid at room temp
more saturated
oils
liquid at room temp
less saturated
what are the three types of lipids?
triglycerides
phospholipids
sterols
triglycerides are 95% of all
fats in food and in the body
fats and oils
Types of Triglycerides
Fatty acids
Glycerol
Fatty acids are released from_____ and broken down to ______
released from fat stores and broken down to release energy
types of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
saturated fatty acids are found in
in animal fats and tropical oils
unsaturated fats are found in
in plant oils and fatty fish
Types of unsaturated FA
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
monounsaturated
one double bond
high in olive and canola oils
polyunsaturated
more than two double bonds
Types of poly unsaturated FA
Omega 3 FA
Omega 6 FA
Omega 3 FA are found in
fatty fish high in EPA and DHA also in canola oil
Omega 6 FA are found in
high in plant oils
Linolenic Acid is
An essential omega 3 FA
Linoleic Acid is
Essential omega 6 FA
Phospholipid are found in
found in the lipid bilayer in cell membranes; some emulsifiers; also outer layer of chylomicrons
A type of Sterol
Cholesterol
Cholesterol produces:
Vit D
Steroid Hormones
Bile
How is Vit D activated?
in the skin by UV radiation
Bile
Aids fat digestion
Animal fats and the tropical oils of coconut palm contain mostly _____
saturated fatty acids
Some vegetable oils, such as olive and canola, are rich in___
monounsaturated fatty acids
Many vegetable oils are rich in ____
omega 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Only a few oils provide significant ____
omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Omega 3s and Omega 6s are needed to
make eicosanoids. the hormone like lipids that regulate other functions.
do health benefits accompany increased proportions of omega 3 or omega 6 fatty acids?
omega 3
Benefits of Omega 3 FAs like DHA and EPA
lower blood pressure prevent blood clot formation protect against irregular heartbeats reduce inflammation essential for normal infant growth and development.
what happens if you get too much Omega 3 FAs?
bleeding
bruising
hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends of phospholipids make it possible for _____ and _____ compunds to move in and out of cells.
fat and water soluble compounds.
what do phospholipids do in emulsification?
the hydrophobic tails go into the fat which causes the divide between oils and water.
where are bile acids, sex hormones, and vit D synthesized from cholesterol?
in the liver
which food contain cholesterol?
only foods of animal origin.
beef fat is a significant source of
saturated fat
hydrogenation
adds hydrogen so that the chains are more saturated.
what are benefits of hydrogenation?
more solid
reduce rancidity
makes them resistant to oxidation
what are some drawbacks of hydrogenation?
undesirable health consequences (blood cholesterol and inflammation)
fats are more saturated
destroys some essential FAs
Creates Trans Fatty Acids
FDA recommends ____ trans fatty acids (TFA) in food?
zero
lipid digestion in the mouth
little to none
lipid digestion in the stomach
little to none
Lipid digestion in the Small intestine
done by digestive enzymes
bile emulsifies fat
triglyceride breakdown into glycerol and monoglycerides
what happens to short chain FAs and glycerol in the intestine?
they are absorbed by intestinal villi and enter directly into the bloodstream
What do the intestinal lining cells convert large lipid fragments such as monoglycerides and long chain FAs into?
back into triglycerides and combine them with protein forming chlyomicrons
chlyomicrons
a type of lipoprotein that travel in the lymph vessels to the bloodstream
lipid digestion in the large intestine:
A small amount of cholesterol trapped in fiber exits with the feces.
chylomicrons are absorbed into:
lymph vessels
Glycerol and short chain FAs are ___soluble
water
how is fat metabolized?
it is broken down for immediate energy. If we don’t need it, it’s put into glycogen storage and when that is full it is stored as fat.
what leads to ketosis?
incomplete fat metabolism
what is essential to metabolize fat?
carbs
what do chylomicrons carry?
dietary fats
where to chylomicrons carry dietary fat?
from the small intestine through the lymph and blood into the tissues
what is the health impact of chylomicron?
neutral
what are the different types of lipoproteins?
chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL
what do VLDL carry and where do they carry it?
triglycerides and other fats made in the liver are carried to the tissues
what is the health impact of VLDL?
neutral
what do LDL carry and where do they carry it to?
Cholesterol and other fats to the tissues
what is the health impact of LDL?
negative
what do HDL carry and where do they carry it to?
HDL carries cholesterol from tissues to the liver for disposal
what is the health impact of HDL?
positive
when you consume dietary cholesterol it has ____ effect on your blood cholesterol
little effect
saturated fats lead to increased
Bad cholesterol (LDL)
trans fats lead to a(n) _____ in bad cholesterol (LDL) and a(n) ______ in good cholesterol (HDL)
increase in bad (LDL) and decrease in good (HDL)
what affects blood cholesterol the most?
saturated fats and trans fats
Do people normally maintain high or low blood cholesterol levels?
Neither. Most people maintain a fairly constant level of blood cholesterol regardless of how much cholesterol is in their diet
normally peoples blood cholesterol doesn’t change based in diet but what happens to the blood chol levels when someone with a genetic predisposition to cholesterol ingests lots of chol?
LDL levels in the blood will increase
Which food have HDL or LDL cholesterol?
none. HDL and LDL refer to how the cholesterol is packaged for transport i the body
chylomicron
Transports dietary fats from small intestine (via lymph and blood) to body cells and liver
HDL
transports cholesterol from cells to liver for disposal
VLDL
transports triglycerides (TG) and other fats made in the liver to cells
LDL
Transports cholesterol and other fats from liver to cells
AMDR for calories from fat
25-35%
dietary and my plate guidelines for saturated fats
limit
10% or less from sat fats
dietary and my plate guidelines for cholesterol
dont eat too much
dietary and my plate guidelines for trans fatty acids
limit
what are soft or liquid margarines made from?
unhydrogenated oils
are soft and liquid margarines mostly saturated or unsaturated?
mostly unsaturated
Solid Margarines are made from
hydrogenated oils
Butter is a _____ fat
saturated
What are carotenoids?
a class of pigments (like yellow-reddish orange) related to beta carotene. Many have some vit A activity in the body
How does fat in salad dressing affect the absorption of carotenoids?
you need fat to absorb carotenoids
you can choose fat free dressing but add avocados or nuts
example of monounsaturated fat
olive oil
example of omega 6 FA
corn oil
example of omega 3 FA
salmon
example of sat fat
beef fat
example of trans fatty acid
some stick margarines
