Chp 4 and 5- methods of systematic observation - Sheet1

Question 1

Quantitative Research

Answer 1

emphasizes numerical data

Question 2

Qualitiative Research

Answer 2

emphasizes spoken words, prose descriptions of behavior, and pictorial data

Question 3

Observational Study

Answer 3

research that is based on direct observation of participants “without any attempt at intervention or manipulation of the behavior being observed”

Question 4

Traditional Procdeure in Qualitative Research

Answer 4

participant observation, where the term “participant” refers to the investigator as opposed to the research participants.

Question 5

Observer Bias

Answer 5

occurs when observers overestimate or underestimate the occurrence of events or “see” things that are not really there because they think those things exist or operate in a particular way

Question 6

Four issues to consider when using self-report measures

Answer 6

Data might not be dependable due to evaluation apprehension (truthfulness of what people report), Participant’s right to privacy (ethical implications), Self-reported data may not be valid or reliable (can depend on memory–unreliable), Difficult to interpret scores that are not norm-referenced

Question 7

Open-ended questions

Answer 7

offer the opportunity to express feelings and impressions spontaneously

Question 8

Open-ended questions

Answer 8

Advantages of ___ Does not lead the respondent by suggesting specific answers, The method is exploratory, allowing the researcher to find out whether the person has anything at all to say, The participant can answer in his or her own language, which helps to increase rapport,

Question 9

Open-ended questions

Answer 9

Disadvantages of ___ They are time-consuming for the researcher (who must record responses), They may elicit rambling and off-the-mark responses, They may be hard to assess for reliability, Forces the respondent’s answers into the dimensions of interest to the researcher rather than producing irrelevant answers

Question 10

Fixed-choice items

Answer 10

Forces the respondent’s answers into the dimensions of interest to the researcher rather than producing irrelevant answers is an advantage of

Question 11

BIG FIVE Factors of Personality: OCEAN

Answer 11

Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

Question 12

Rorschach Test & Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Answer 12

Open ended Personality Tests

Question 13

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 13

Fixed Choice personality Tests

Question 14

Forced-Choice Scales

Answer 14

Rating scales: Yes or No? Totally Agree/Disagree?

Question 15

Numerical Scales

Answer 15

Rating Scales: Strongly Disagree, Disagree, Undecided, Strongly Agree

Question 16

Graphic Scales

Answer 16

Rating Scales: Shy to Outgoing

Question 17

Likert Scales

Answer 17

Proportion Scales: Not Popular to Very Popular rating

Question 18

Thurstone Scale

Answer 18

Proportion Scales: Equidistant Scale Intervals, SA A U D SD

Question 19

Halo Effect

Answer 19

Questionnare Bias: the person doing the rating forms a very favorable impression of the target person based on one central trait and extends that impression to the target other persons characteristics

Question 20

Halo Effect

Answer 20

Controlled by using a forced-choice procedure

Question 21

Leniency Bias

Answer 21

Questionnaire Bias: occurs when judges rate someone who is familiar in an unrealistically positive manner

Question 22

Leniency Bias

Answer 22

Questionnaire Bias: Controlled by including only one unfavorable cue word and then changing words to a numerical scale

Question 23

Ceiling or floor effect

Answer 23

Questionnaire Bias: restricts the amount of change that can be produced in a before-and-after measure

Question 24

Logical Error

Answer 24

Questionnaire Bias: Respondents give similar ratings for variables that they themselves believe to be logically related but that may not occur together in the person being rated

Question 25

Types of Questionnaires

Answer 25

Mail, Face to face(live), telephone, behavioral diary

Question 26

Telephone questionnaires

Answer 26

More cost effective than face-to-face questionnaires, but increasingly difficult with switch to mobile phones

Question 27

Behavioral Diary

Answer 27

No need to rely on memory recall

Question 28

Techniques to maximize the chance to find out the “truth”

Answer 28

Randomized Response Technique (Warner, 1965), ○ Confidentiality, Camouflauge, Pre-experiment

Question 29

Interview schedule

Answer 29

allows the researcher to fine-tune the data collection instrument and procedures

Question 30

Interview schedule

Answer 30

Four steps in the development of an ____ : Working out the objective, Formulating a general strategy of data collection, Writing the questions & establishing the best sequence, Pilot-testing the material