Chapter 3 Ethical Consideration - Sheet1

Question 1

Ethics

Answer 1

is understood as referring to conduct that is considered “morally right” or “morally wrong” as specified by codified and culturally ingrained principles, constraints, rules, and guidelines.

Question 2

Active Deception

Answer 2

manipulating the truth

Question 3

Passive Deception

Answer 3

spying on people or omitting pertinent information

Question 4

The Belmont Report (1970)

Answer 4

Established 3 principles as an ethical foundation of human subjects research (Respect for persons, Non-maleficence, Justice)

Question 5

The Belmont Report (1970)

Answer 5

Established the use of informed-consent procedures

Question 6

The Belmont Report (1970)

Answer 6

Established institutional review boards

Question 7

Five ethical principles

Answer 7

Respect for persons and their autonomy), An obligation not to psychological or physical harm and to strive to do research that is meaningful or potentially beneficial, pursuit and promotion of justice, The establishment of a relationship of trust between researchers and research participants, A fidelity to professional responsibilities, scientific integrity, and accountability

Question 8

Respect for persons and their autonomy

Answer 8

Maintained using informed consent

Question 9

Obligation not to psychological or physical harm

Answer 9

All proposed studies carefully evaluated by panel of evaluators

Question 10

Non-Maleficence

Answer 10

no physical harm

Question 11

Beneficial

Answer 11

strive to do research that is meaningful or potentially beneficial in advancing knowledge or well-being

Question 12

Injustice

Answer 12

Occurs when an individual is unreasonably denied a benefit or gain to which he or she is entitled, or when some burden is imposed excessively or undeservedly on individuals, The burden and benefits of the study are intended to be distributed fairly

Question 13

Trust between researchers and research participants

Answer 13

A traditional way to establish trust is to use confidentiality

Question 14

Four components of an informed consent agreement

Answer 14

Describes nature of study, any potentional risk to participants, procedure for ensuring confidentiality of the data, & describes voluntary nature of the participants’ cooperation and their freedom to withdraw at any time without prejudice or penalty

Question 15

Situations in which informed consent is unnecessary or impossible

Answer 15

Archival studies using public records, Risk-free experiements

Question 16

Informed consent

Answer 16

must be obtained from parents or guardians in the case of children and adolescents

Question 17

Informed consent

Answer 17

Signing an _____ agreement does not mean the person has relinquished legal rights, such as the right to sue for negligence

Question 18

Risk-benefit analysis

Answer 18

Do Research, benefit high/risk low, Don’t do research, benefit high/risk low

Question 19

Diagonal of indecision

Answer 19

Benefit and risk are intermediate; requires more elaboration and possible modification

Question 20

Risk-benefit analysis

Answer 20

A limitation of this decision-plane model is that it focuses on the risks and benefits of doing research and ignores the societal and scientific risks of not doing research

Question 21

Debriefing

Answer 21

The process of disclosing to participants more about the full nature of the research in which they participated and, if an active or passive deception was used, why it was believed to be necessary

Question 22

Four guidelines for debriefing, especially when deception is used

Answer 22

Give whatever explanation necessary to reveal truth about the research and the researcher’s carefully considered decision to employ a deception, Explain that being deceived does not reflect on the participants’ intelligence or character; instead, it shows the effectiveness of the study’s design, Proceed gradually and patiently, with the chief aim of gently unfolding details of any deception that was used, Never use a double deception, that is, a second deception in what the participant thinks is the official debriefing

Question 23

Ethics in animal research, Three R’s Principle

Answer 23

Reduce the number of animals used, Refine the experiement so there is less suffering, and Replace animals with other procedures whenever possible

Question 24

Ethical guidelines during the reporting stage of research

Answer 24

Make available the data on which the conclusions are based (while protecting the confidentiality of the participants), Do not imply that a study published in more than one journal represents different studies, and always give credit where due

Question 25

Plagrisim

Answer 25

Ethical guidelines during the reporting stage of research- is stealing another person’s ideas or work and misrepresenting it as one’s own idea or work

Question 26

Lazy writing

Answer 26

Ethical guidelines during the reporting stage of research- repeatedly quoting sentences that you can paraphrase (and reference)