Chapter 2- From Hunches - Sheet1

Question 1

Context of discovery

Answer 1

embraces the initial hunches, questions, or insights and the resulting conjectural statements or suppositions that give direction to researchers’ observation

Question 2

Hans Reichenbach describe two stages of discovery:

Answer 2

discovery and justification

Question 3

context of justification

Answer 3

includes the empirical evaluation of conjectural statements or suppositions the evidence-based defense of conclusions and generalizations

Question 4

replication

Answer 4

the duplication of an experimental observation

Question 5

moderator variables

Answer 5

conditions that may strengthen or weaken the relationships between the independent and dependent variables

Question 6

hypothesis-generating heurisitics

Answer 6

strategies and circumstances that can lead to testable hypotheses

Question 7

McGuire’s hypothesis- generating heuristics

Answer 7

1. explaining paradoxical incidents in testable ways 2. recognizing potential hypotheses in analogies, metaphors, figures of speech and other assorted imagery 3. identifying conflicting conclusions for empirical adjudication 4. improving on older ideas

Question 8

serenditpity

Answer 8

a felicitous or lucky discovery

Question 9

operational definitions

Answer 9

identify variables on the bias of empirical conditions (the operations) used to measure or to manipulate variables. a clinical psychologist interested in studying depression might define it operationally in terms of scores on a test, such as the Deck Depression Inventory.

Question 10

theoretical definitions

Answer 10

define variables in more abstract or more general terms, such as defining hunger by a connection between the reported feeling of being hungry and the sensory experience of certain internal and external cures.

Question 11

construct

Answer 11

abstract expression, term, or concept that is formulated to serve as a causal or descriptive explanation

Question 12

working hypotheses/ experimental hypotheses

Answer 12

an empirically testable supposition

Question 13

hypothesis

Answer 13

conjectural statement or supposition

Question 14

theory

Answer 14

is an organized set of explanatory propositions connected by logical arguments and by explicit and implicit prior assumptions (presuppositions)

Question 15

falisifiablity

Answer 15

the most essential scientific standard of all, karl popper’s proposition that a conjecture or theoretical assertion is scientific only if it can be stated in such a way that it can if incorrect be refuted by some empirical means

Question 16

conherence

Answer 16

the high degree to which the components of a theory or hypothesis “stick together” logically

Question 17

parsimoney

Answer 17

the quality of economy in a statement or proposition so that it is not overly wordy or unduly complex

Question 18

Occam’s razor

Answer 18

the principle that explanation should be as parsimonious as possible

Question 19

variable

Answer 19

an event or a condition that researcher observes or measures or plans to investigate that is likely to vary

Question 20

dependent variable

Answer 20

a variable that changes in which are viewed as dependent on changes in one or more other variables

Question 21

independent variable

Answer 21

a variable on which the dependent variable depends; in experiments, a variable that the experimenter manipulates to determine the degree to which there are effects on another variable