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Microbiology > Chp 4 > Flashcards

Chp 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.

A

Prokaryote

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2
Q

comes from the Greek words for true nucleus.

A

Eukaryote

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3
Q

Prokaryote

have what kind of chromosomes

A

one circular chromosome not in a membrane

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4
Q

eukaryote have what kind of chromosome

A

paired chromosome in nuclear membrane

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5
Q

what cells have no histones

A

prokaryotes

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6
Q

what cells have no organelles

A

prokaryotes

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7
Q

what cells have bacteria and peptidoglycan cell walls

A

prokaryotes

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8
Q

what cells are archaea and have pseudomurein cell walls

A

prokaryote

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9
Q

what cell divides by mitosis

A

eukaryotes

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10
Q

what cells divide by mitosis

A

eukaryote

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11
Q

What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes have a true nucleus and prokaryotes have a prenucleus

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12
Q

Most bacteria are what shape

A

monomorphic (single shape)

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13
Q

a few bacteria are what shape

A

A few are pleomorphic (many shapes)

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14
Q

Average size of bacteria cells

A

0.2 to 2.0 µm diameter × 2 to 8 µm length

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15
Q

shapes of bacteria

A

1) Bacillus (rod-shaped)
2) Coccus (spherical)
3) Spiral
- Vibrio
- Spirillum
- Spirochete
4) Star-shaped
5) Rectangular

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16
Q

arrangement of bacteria

A

1) Pairs: diplococci, diplobacilli
2) Clusters: staphylococci
3) Chains: streptococci, streptobacilli
4) Groups of four: tetrads
5) Cubelike groups of eight: sarcinae

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17
Q

Pairs of bacteria cell are called

A

diplococci, diplobacilli

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18
Q

clusters of bacteria cells are called

A

staphylococci

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19
Q

Chains of bacteria are called

A

streptococci, streptobacilli

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20
Q

groups of four bacteria are called

A

tetrads

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21
Q

Cubelike groups of eight bacteria are called

A

sarcinae

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22
Q

How can you identify streptococci with a microscope?

A

because its in a chain

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23
Q

Glycocalyx are found where

A

External to the cell wall

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24
Q

the matter of Glycocalyx is

A

Viscous and gelatinous

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25
Q

Glycocalyx is made of

A

polysaccharide and/or polypeptide

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26
Q

what are the types of Glycocalyx

A

1) Capsule: neatly organized and firmly attached

2) Slime layer: unorganized and loose

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27
Q

Glycocalyx contribute to

A

virulence

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28
Q

glycocalyx Capsules prevent

A

phagocytosis

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29
Q

Glycocalyx Extracellular polymeric substance helps

A

form bio films

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30
Q

the Cause of Pneumococcal Pneumonia

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae

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31
Q

Flagella are and do what

A
  • Filamentous appendages external of the cell
  • Propel bacteria
  • Made of protein flagellin
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32
Q

Flagella are made up of three parts

A

1) Filament: outermost region
2) Hook: attaches to the filament
3) Basal body: consists of rod and pairs of rings; anchors flagellum to the cell wall and membrane

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33
Q

Flagella allow bacteria to

A

move toward or away from stimuli (taxis)

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34
Q

Flagella rotate to

A

“run” or “tumble”

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35
Q

Flagella proteins are

A

H antigens and distinguish among serovars (e.g., Escherichia coli O157:H7)

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36
Q

Axial Filaments are also called

A

endoflagella

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37
Q

axil filaments are found in

A

spirochetes

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38
Q

axial filaments are anchored at

A

one end of the cell

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39
Q

axil filament rotation causes cells to

A

move like a corkscrew

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40
Q

Hairlike appendages that allow for attachment

A

fimbriae

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41
Q

Pili are

A

Involved in motility (gliding and twitching motility)

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42
Q

Conjugation pili involved in

A

DNA transfer from one cell to another

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43
Q

Prevents osmotic lysis and protects the cell membrane

A

cell wall

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44
Q

cell walls are made of

A

peptidoglycan (in bacteria)

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45
Q

cell wall contributes to

A

pathogenicity

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46
Q

Polymer of a repeating disaccharide in rows:
N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)

A

Peptidoglycan

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47
Q

Peptidoglycan

rows are linked by

A

polypeptides

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48
Q

N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) joined as in a

A

peptidoglycan.

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49
Q

Thick peptidoglycan/

Teichoic acids are?

A

Gram-Positive Cell Walls

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50
Q

Have a Thin peptidoglycan on the
Outer membrane
and found in the Periplasmic space

A

Gram-Negative Cell Walls

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51
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls are what kind of acid

A

Teichoic acids

  • Lipoteichoic acid links cell wall to plasma membrane
  • Wall teichoic acid links the peptidoglycan
  • Carry a negative charge
  • Regulate movement of cations
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52
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls in Polysaccharides and teichoic acids provide

A

antigenic specificity

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53
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls have what between the outer membrane and plasma membrane

A

Periplasm between the outer membrane and the plasma membrane contains peptidoglycan

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54
Q

Outer membrane of Gram-Negative Cell Walls are made of

A

polysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids

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55
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls protect from

A

phagocytes, complement, and antibiotics

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56
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls are made of

A

Made of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

  • O polysaccharide functions as antigen (e.g., E.coli O157:H7)
  • Lipid A is an endotoxin embedded in the top layer
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57
Q

what form channels through membranes in Gram-Negative Cell Walls

A

Porins

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58
Q

Cell Walls and the Gram Stain Mechanism

A

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form inside cell

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59
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form inside cell

gram positive

A
  • Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan

- CV-I crystals do not leave

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60
Q

Crystal violet-iodine crystals form inside cell

gram negative

A
  • Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
  • CV-I washes out; cells are colorless
  • Safranin added to stain cells
61
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls have what in the basal body of the flagella

A

2 rings

62
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls produce

A

exotoxins

63
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls have high susceptibility to

A

penicillin

64
Q

Gram-Positive Cell Walls are disrupted by

A

lysozyme

65
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls have what in the basal body of flagella

A

4-rings

66
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls produce

A

endotoxins and exotoxins

67
Q

Gram-Negative Cell Walls have susceptibility to penicillin

A

low

68
Q

Atypical Cell Walls have

A

Acid-fast cell walls

  • Like gram-positive cell walls
  • Waxy lipid (mycolic acid) bound to peptidoglycan
  • Mycobacterium
  • Nocardia
  • Stain with carbolfuchsin
69
Q

Atypical Cell Walls consist of

A

1) Mycoplasmas
- Lack cell walls
- Sterols in plasma membrane

2) Archaea
- Wall-less, or
- Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D-amino acids)

70
Q

Damage to the Cell Wall can happen by

A

1) Lysozyme hydrolyzes bonds in peptidoglycan
2) Penicillin inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan
3) Protoplast is a wall-less gram-positive cell
4) Spheroplast is a wall-less gram-negative cell
- -Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to osmotic lysis
5) L forms are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

71
Q

is a wall-less gram-positive cell that damages the cell wall

A

protoplast

72
Q

is a wall-less gram-negative cell that damages the cell wall

A

spheroplast

73
Q

Protoplasts and spheroplasts are susceptible to

A

osmotic lysis

74
Q

are wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes

A

L forms

75
Q

Penicillin does what in peptidoglycan

A

inhibit peptide bridges damaging the cell wall

76
Q

Lysozymes do what in peptidoglycan that damages the cell wall

A

hydrolyzes bonds

77
Q

The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane

A

1) Phospholipid bilayer that encloses the cytoplasm
2) Peripheral proteins on the membrane surface
3) Integral and transmembrane proteins penetrate the membrane

78
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

1) Membrane is as viscous as olive oil
2) Proteins move freely for various functions
3) Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
4) Self-sealing

79
Q

selective permeability does what in the plasmas membrane

A

allows the passage of some molecules, but not others

80
Q

cell membrane contain

A

enzymes for ATP production

81
Q

Some membranes have photosynthetic pigments on foldings called

A

chromatophores

82
Q

Damage to the membrane by alcohols, quaternary ammonium (detergents), and polymyxin antibiotics causes

A

leakage of cell contents

83
Q

Passive processes of materials across the membranes

A

substances move from high concentration to low concentration; no energy expended

84
Q

active processes of movement of materials across membranes

A

substances move from low concentration to high concentration; energy expended

85
Q

Simple diffusion

A

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

86
Q

Simple diffusion is what kind of process

A

passive

87
Q

simple diffusion continues until

A

molecules reach equlibrium

88
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane

89
Q

facilitated diffusion, active or passive diffusion

A

passive diffusion

90
Q

Facilitated Diffusion transports

A

ions and larger molecules across a membrane with the concentration gradient

91
Q

Osmosis

A

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water to an area of lower water concentration

92
Q

osmosis goes through what layer

A

lipid layer

93
Q

aquaporins are involved

A

in osmosis and are water channels

94
Q

osmosis, active or passive transport

A

passive

95
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

the pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane

96
Q

Isotonic solution

A

solute concentrations equal inside and outside of cell; water is at equilibrium

97
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

solute concentration is lower outside than inside the cell; water moves into cell

98
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

solute concentration is higher outside of cell than inside; water moves out of cell

99
Q

Active transport

A

: requires a transporter protein and ATP; goes against gradient

100
Q

Group translocation:

A

requires a transporter protein and phosphoenolpyruvic acid (PEP); substance is altered as it crosses the membrane

101
Q

Group translocation.. active or passive transport

A

active

102
Q

The substance inside the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

103
Q

cytoplasm is made up of

A

Eighty percent water plus proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and ions

Cytoskeleton

104
Q

The Nucleoid is made up of

A

Bacterial chromosomes

Plasmids

105
Q

Bacterial chromosome

A

circular thread of DNA that contains the cell’s genetic information

106
Q

Plasmids

A

extrachromosomal genetic elements; carry non-crucial genes (e.g., antibiotic resistance, production of toxins)

107
Q

Sites of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

108
Q

ribosomes are made up of

A

protein and ribosomal RNA

109
Q

Inclusions

A

1) Metachromatic granules (volutin)—phosphate reserves
2) Polysaccharide granules—energy reserves
3) Lipid inclusions—energy reserves
4) Sulfur granules—energy reserves
5) Carboxysomes—RuBisCO enzyme for CO2 fixation during photosynthesis
6) Gas vacuoles—protein-covered cylinders that maintain buoyancy
7) Magnetosomes—iron oxide inclusions; destroy H2O2

110
Q

Endospores

A

Resting cells; produced when nutrients are depleted

111
Q

Endospores are resistant to

A

to desiccation, heat, chemicals, and radiation

112
Q

endospores are produced by

A

Produced by Bacillus and Clostridium

113
Q

Sporulation

A

: endospore formation

114
Q

Germination

A

: endospore returns to vegetative state

115
Q

Flagella and Cilia

A

Projections used for locomotion or moving substances along the cell surface

116
Q

Flagella

A

long projections; few in number

117
Q

Cilia

A

short projections; numerous

118
Q

Flagella and cillia both have

A

microtubules made of the protein tubulin

119
Q

Microtubules are organized as

A

nine pairs in a ring, plus two microtubules in the center (9 + 2 array)

120
Q

Allow flagella to move in a wavelike manner

A

microtubules

121
Q

cell walls are found

A

in plants algae and fungi

122
Q

cell walls are made of

A

carbohydrates

123
Q

Glycocalyx

are found

A

in animal cells

124
Q

what are Glycocalyx

A

Carbohydrates bonded to proteins and lipids in the plasma membrane

125
Q

Compare The Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane to the prokaryotic cell membranes

A

Similarities to prokaryotic cell membrane structure

  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Integral and peripheral proteins

Differences to prokaryotic cell membrane structure

  • Sterols—complex lipids
  • Carbohydrates—for attachment and cell-to-cell recognition
126
Q

Plasma (Cytoplasmic) Membrane similarities and differences to prokaryotic cell membrane functions

A

Similar in function to prokaryotic cell membranes

  • -Selective permeability
  • -Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport

Differences in function

  • -Endocytosis—phagocytosis and pinocytosis
  • -Phagocytosis: pseudopods extend and engulf particles
  • -Pinocytosis: membrane folds inward, bringing in fluid and dissolved substances
127
Q

Cytoplasm

A

substance inside the plasma and outside the nucleus

128
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid portion of cytoplasm

129
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

made of microfilaments and intermediate filaments; gives shape and support

130
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

movement of the cytoplasm throughout a cell

131
Q

ribosomes are the site of

A

protein synthesis

132
Q

DNA is complexed with

A

histone proteins to form chromatin

133
Q

During mitosis and meiosis, chromatin condenses into

A

chromosomes

134
Q

Nucleus is the

A

Double membrane structure (nuclear envelope) that contains the cell’s DNA

135
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum is the

A

Folded transport network

136
Q

Rough ER:

A

studded with ribosomes; sites of protein synthesis

137
Q

Smooth ER

A

no ribosomes; synthesizes cell membranes, fats, and hormones

138
Q

Golgi Complex

A

1) Transport organelle
2) Modifies proteins from the ER
3) Transports modified proteins via secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane

139
Q

Mitochondria

A

1) Double membrane
2) Contain inner folds (cristae) and fluid (matrix)
3) Involved in cellular respiration (ATP production)

140
Q

Lysosomes

are organelles that

A
  • Vesicles formed in the Golgi complex

- Contain digestive enzymes

141
Q

Vacuoles

are organelles that

A
  • Cavities in the cell formed from the Golgi complex

- Bring food into cells; provide shape and storage

142
Q

Chloroplasts are the locations for

A

photosynthesis

143
Q

Chloroplast contain

A

flattened membranes (thylakoids) that contain chlorophyll

144
Q

Peroxisomes

are organelles that

A

oxidize fatty acids

145
Q

Centrosomes are organelles made up of

A

Networks of protein fibers and centrioles

Form the mitotic spindle; critical role in cell division

146
Q

Life arose as simple organisms (eukaryotes)

A

3.5 to 4 billion years ago

147
Q

First eukaryotes evolved

A

2.5 billion years ago

148
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
  • Larger bacterial cells engulfed smaller bacterial cells, developing the first eukaryotes
  • Ingested photosynthetic bacteria became chloroplasts
  • Ingested aerobic bacteria became mitochondria

Microbiology (9 decks)

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