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bus237 > CHP. 4 > Flashcards

CHP. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Central processing unit (CPU)

A

The CPU selects instructions, processes them, performs arithmetic and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory.

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2
Q

Dual-processor

A

A computer with two CPUs.

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3
Q

Quad-processor

A

computer with four CPUs

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4
Q

Main memory

A

A set of cells in which each cell holds a byte of data or instruction; each cell has an address, and the CPU uses the addresses to identify particular data items.

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5
Q

RAM

A

Memory that is external to the processing unit that is used for primary working memory in a computing system.

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6
Q

Storage hardware

A

Hardware that saves data and programs. Magnetic disk is by far the most common storage device, although optical disks, such as CDs and DVDs, also are popular, and semiconductor-based storage (also called solid-state drives) are gaining marketshare.

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7
Q

Personal computers (PCs)

A

Classic computing devices that are used by individuals. Examples of PCs include laptop or desktop computers.

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8
Q

Tablets

A

Computing device that allows interaction through a flat touch screen.

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9
Q

Servers

A

Computers that provide certain types of service, such as hosting a database, running a blog, publishing a website, or selling goods. Server computers are faster, larger, and more powerful than client computers.

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10
Q

Clients

A

A computer that provides word processing, spreadsheets, database access, and usually a network connection.

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11
Q

Server farm

A

A large collection of server computers that coordinates the activities of the servers, usually for commercial purposes.

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12
Q

Binary digits

A

The means by which computers represent data; also called bits. A binary digit is either a zero or a one.

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13
Q

Bit

A

The means by which computers represent data; also called binary digit. A bit is either a zero or a one.

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14
Q

Byte

A

(1) A character of data. (2) An 8-bit chunk.

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15
Q

Kilobyte (KB)

A

1024 bytes.

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16
Q

Megabyte (MB)

A

1024 kilobytes.

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17
Q

Gigabyte (GB)

A

1024 megabytes.

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18
Q

Hertz

A

Cycles of CPU speed.

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19
Q

Volatile (memory)

A

Data that will be lost when the computer or device is not powered.

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20
Q

Nonvolatile (memory)

A

Memory that preserves data contents even when not powered (e.g., magnetic and optical disks). With such devices, you can turn the computer off and back on, and the contents will be unchanged.

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21
Q

Internet of Things (IoT).

A

The idea that objects are becoming connected to the Internet so they can interact with other devices, applications, or services.

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22
Q

Smart device

A

A device that has processing power, memory, network connectivity, and the ability to interconnect with other devices and applications.

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23
Q

Self-driving car

A

An autonomous, or driverless, car that uses a variety of sensors to navigate like a traditional car but without human intervention.

24
Q

Operating system (OS)

A

A computer program that controls the computer’s resources: It manages the contents of main memory, processes keystrokes and mouse movements, sends signals to the display monitor, reads and writes disk files, and controls the processing of other programs.

25
Q

Thick Client (Native applications)

A

A software application that requires programs other than just the browser on a user’s computer; that is, that requires code on both client and server computers.

26
Q

Thin-client application

A

A software application that requires nothing more than a browser and can be run on only the user’s computer.

27
Q

Microsoft Windows

A

An operating system designed and sold by Microsoft. It is the most widely used operating system.

28
Q

Modern-style applications

A

Windows applications that are touch-screen oriented and provide context-sensitive, pop-up menus.

29
Q

Mac OS

A

An operating system developed by Apple Computer, Inc., for the Macintosh. The current version is Mac OS X. Mac OS was developed for the PowerPC but, as of 2006, runs on Intel processors as well.

30
Q

Unix

A

An operating system developed at Bell Labs in the 1970s. It has been the workhorse of the scientific and engineering communities since then.

31
Q

Linux

A

A version of Unix that was developed by the open-source community. The open-source community owns Linux, and there is no fee to use it. Linux is a popular operating system for web servers.

32
Q

Symbian

A

A now defunct mobile operating systems designed for early smartphones.

33
Q

Android

A

A mobile operating system that is a version of Linux. Android runs on the Google Nexus 7 and the Amazon Kindle Fire as well as many other mobile devices.

34
Q

iOS

A

The operating system used on the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad.

35
Q

Windows 10 (mobile)

A

A Windows operating system designed for mobile devices.

36
Q

Virtualization

A

The process whereby multiple operating systems run as clients on a single host operating system. Gives the appearance of many computers running on a single computer.

37
Q

Host operating system

A

In virtualization, the operating system that hosts the virtual operating systems.

38
Q

Virtual machines (vm)

A

Computer programs that present the appearance of an independent operating system within a second host operating system. The host can support multiple virtual machines, possibly running different operating system programs (Windows, Linux), each of which is assigned assets such as disk space, devices, and network connections over which it has control.

39
Q

PC virtualization

A

A personal computer such as a desktop or laptop, hosts several different operating systems

40
Q

Server virtualization

A

The process of running two or more operating system instances on the same server. The host operating system runs virtual operating system instances as applications.

41
Q

Desktop virtualization

A

The process of storing a user’s desktop on a remote server. It enables users to run their desktop from many different client computers.

42
Q

Licence

A

An agreement that stipulates how a program can be used. Most specify the number of computers on which the program can be installed and sometimes the number of users that can connect to and use the program remotely. Such agreements also stipulate limitations on the liability of the software vendor for the consequences of errors in the software.

43
Q

Site License

A

A type of software license that allows the installation of a software application in several computers simultaneously, usually a particular site or multiple sites.

44
Q

Application software

A

Programs that perform a business function. Some application programs are general purpose, such as Excel or Word. Other application programs are specific to a business function, such as accounts payable.

45
Q

Horizontal market application

A

Software that provides capabilities common across all organizations and industries; examples include word processors, graphics programs, spreadsheets, and presentation programs.

46
Q

Vertical market application

A

Software that serves the needs of a specific industry. Examples of such programs are those used by dental offices to schedule appointments and bill patients, those used by auto mechanics to keep track of customer data and customers’ automobile repairs, and those used by parts warehouses to track inventory, purchases, and sales.

47
Q

One-of-a-kind application

A

Software that is developed for a specific, unique need, usually for a particular company’s operations.

48
Q

Off-the-shelf software

A

Commercial software.

49
Q

Off-the-shelf with alterations

A

Commercial software that has been modified for a particular organization.

50
Q

Custom-developed software

A

Software that is tailor-made for a company or organization.

51
Q

Firmware

A

Computer software that is installed on devices, such as printers, print services, and various types of communication devices. The software is coded just like other software, but it is installed on special, programmable memory of the printer or other device.

52
Q

GNU

A

A set of tools for creating and managing open source software. Originally created to develop an open source Unix-like operating system.

53
Q

GNU general public license (GPL) agreement

A

One of the standard license agreements for open source software.

54
Q

Open-source community

A

A loosely coupled group of programmers who mostly volunteer their time to contribute code to develop and maintain common software. Linux and MySQL are two prominent products developed by such a community.

55
Q

Source code

A

Computer code written by humans and understandable by humans. Source code must be translated into machine code before it can be processed.

56
Q

Machine code

A

Code compiled from source code and ready to be processed by a computer. Cannot be understood by humans.

57
Q

Closed source

A

Source code that is highly protected and only available to trusted employees and carefully vetted contractors.

bus237 (11 decks)

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