Chp. 35 - Heart Failure, Chp. 37 - Inflammatory and Structural Heart Disorders

Question 1

Heart Failure (HF)

Answer 1

an abnormal clinical syndrome involving impaired cardiac pumping and/or filling

Question 2

Systolic Failure

Answer 2

results from an inability of the heart to pump blood effectively

Question 3

Diastolic Failure

Answer 3

the inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole

Question 4

Dilation

Answer 4

enlargement of the chambers of the heart

Question 5

Hypertrophy

Answer 5

an increase in the muscle mass and cardiac cell wall thickness in response to overwork and strain

Question 6

Left sided HF

Answer 6

results from left ventricular dysfunction, which prevents normal blood flow and causes blood to back up into the left atrium and into pulmonary veins; manifests as pulmonary congestion and edema

Question 7

Right sided HF

Answer 7

causes a backup of blood into the right atrium and venous circulation

Question 8

HF symptoms

Answer 8

F - Fatigue
A - limitation of Activities
C - chest Congestion/cough
E - Edema
S - SOB

Question 9

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea (PND)

Answer 9

occurs when the patient is asleep…it is caused by the reabsorption of fluid from dependent body areas when the pt. is recumbent. the pt. awakens in a panic, has feelings of suffocation, and has a strong desire to seek relief by sitting up; “asleep and the world is good, all of a sudden you wake up and feel like you’re suffocating”

Question 10

Pulsus Alternans

Answer 10

alteration of strong and weak beats of the arterial pulse due to alternative strong and weak ventricular contractions

Question 11

Orthopnea

Answer 11

difficulty in breathing that occurs when lying down and is relieved upon changing to an upright position

Question 12

Pleural Effusion

Answer 12

fluid accumulates in the lining outside of the lung resulting from increased pressure in the pleural capillaries

Question 13

Nursing Dx for Acute Decompensated HF

Answer 13

• activity intolerance
• fluid volume excess
• impaired gas exchange
• anxiety
• deficient knowledge

Question 14

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Answer 14

characterized by a diffuse inflammation and rapid degeneration of myocardial fibers that results in ventricular dilation, impairment of systolic function, atrial enlargement, and stasis of blood in the left ventricle

Question 15

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Answer 15

heart is stiff and can’t pump like it normally does

Question 16

Constrictive Cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

heart can’t expand like it normally does; usually related to calcification and scarring around heart

Question 17

Valve associated w/ right sided HF

Answer 17

Tricuspid

Question 18

Valve associated w/ left sided HF

Answer 18

Mitral

Question 19

Regurgitation

Answer 19

incomplete closure of the valve leaflets results int he backwards flow of blood; part of valve flapping back and forth

Question 20

Prolapse

Answer 20

valve has sort of fallen down

Question 21

Infective Endocarditis

Answer 21

infection of the endocardial (innermost) layer of the heart; happens when infection gets in the blood, all the bacteria clings to a valve and causes infection

Question 22

Pericarditis

Answer 22

inflammation of the pericardial sac

Question 23

Pericardial Effusion

Answer 23

accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardium; fluid between the pericardium and the heart; fluid compresses the heart and makes it so it can’t expand as well…blood starts to back up

Question 24

Hallmark finding in acute pericarditis

Answer 24

pericardial friction rub (can be heard when they are holding their breath)

Question 25

Cardiac Tamponade

Answer 25

Compression of the heard due to increased volume (and intrapericardial pressure) from pericardial effusion

Question 26

Pericarditis - Key Finding

Answer 26

Sharp pain that is worse w/ deep inspiration, when supine (laying), pain radiates to trapezium muscle, pericardial friction rub*

Question 27

Stenosis

Answer 27

constriction or narrowing of the heart valves