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Boards Studying > Chp 3- Cardiovascular Examination > Flashcards

Chp 3- Cardiovascular Examination Flashcards

1
Q

What are the age risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • men > 45 years

- women > 55 years

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2
Q

What are the family history risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A

-cardiac event in 1st degree male relative < 55 yrs, female < 65 yrs

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3
Q

What are the gender risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • men > risk than pre-menopausal women

- once menopause, risk is the same

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4
Q

What are the cholesterol level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A
  • total < 200 mg/dL
  • LDL cholesterol <160 (low risk), <130 (mod risk), <100 (high risk)
  • HDL cholesterol: > 40 (men), >50 (women)
  • triglycerides: < 150 mg/dL
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5
Q

What are the diabetes level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A

HgA1C < 7%

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6
Q

What are the hypertension level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A 
systolic= <140 mmHg
Diastolic = <90 mmHg
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7
Q

What are the obesity level goals to reduce risk for cardiovascular disease?

A

BMI: 18.5-24.9
Waist: <40 in (men), <35 (women)

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8
Q

Cyanosis

A

Bluish color of skin, nail bed, lips, and tongue

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9
Q

Pallor

A

Washed out, absence of pink, rosy color

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10
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Excess sweating and cool, clammy skin

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11
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

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12
Q

P-R interval

A

Time required for impulse to travel from atria through conduction system to Purkinje fibers

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13
Q

QRS wave

A

Ventricular depolarization

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14
Q

ST segment

A

Beginning of ventricular repolarization

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15
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

QT interval

A

Time for electrical systole

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17
Q

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)

A
  • premature beat from ventricle

- occurs occasionally in most people

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18
Q

What does a PVC look like on an ECG?

A
  • no p wave

- bizarre, wide, and premature QRS, followed by long compensatory pause

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19
Q

What is ventricular tachycardia?

A
  • a run of three or more PVCs occurring sequentially

- usually the result of an ischemic ventricle

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20
Q

What does ventricular tachycardia look like on an ECG?

A
  • wide, bizarre QRS waves

- no P wave

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21
Q

What is non-sustained ventricular tachycardia?

A

3 or more consecutive beats in duration

-terminates spontaneously in less than 30 seconds

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22
Q

What is sustained ventricular tachycardia?

A

VT > 30 seconds and/or requiring termination due to hemodynamics compromise in less than 30 seconds

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23
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

A pulseless, emergency situation requiring emergency treatment
-chaotic activity of ventricles originating from multiple Foci

24
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation look like on an ECG?

A

-bizarre, erratic activity without QRS complexes

25
Q

What are Atrial arrhythmias and what do they look like on an ECG?

A
  • supraventricular
  • rapid and repetitive firing of one or more ectopic foci in atria
  • P waves are abnormal or not identifiable
  • HR will be rapid with atrial tachycardia, flutter or fibrillation
26
Q

What are atrioventricular blocks?

A

Abnormal delays or failure to conduct through normal conducting system

27
Q

When does the ST segment become depressed?

A

-with impaired coronary perfusion

28
Q

ST changes in leads over V1-V6 indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Anterior wall

29
Q

ST changes in leads over V1-V2 indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Anteroseptal

30
Q

ST changes in leads over V3-V4 indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Anteroapical

31
Q

ST changes in leads over V5-V6, I, aVL indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Anterolateral

32
Q

ST changes in leads over I and aVL indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Lateral wall

33
Q

ST changes in leads over II, III, and aVF indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Inferior wall

34
Q

ST changes in leads over V6-V7 indicate what area is infarcted?

A

Posterior wall

35
Q

What does an ECG of a patient with Hyperkalemia look like?

A
  • widened QRS
  • flattened P wave
  • T waves becomes peaked
36
Q

What does an ECG of a patient with Hypokalemia look like?

A
  • flattens T wave (or inverts)

- produces a U wave

37
Q

What does an ECG of a patient with hypercalcemia look like?

A
  • widened QRS

- shortened QT interval

38
Q

What does an ECG of a patient with hypocalcemia look like?

A

-prolonged QT interval

39
Q

What does an ECG of a patient with hypothermia look like?

A
  • elevated ST segment

- slow rhythm

40
Q

What does an ECG of a patient on quinidine drugs look like?

A
  • QT lengthens
  • T wave flattens (or inverts)
  • QRS lengthens
41
Q

What does an ECG of a patient on digitalis drugs look like?

A
  • depresses ST segment
  • flattens T wave (or inverts)
  • QT shortens
42
Q

What are the effects of beta blockers on an ECG?

A
  • decreases HR

- blunts HR response to exercise

43
Q

What are the effects of nitrate on a person?

A
  • increases HR
44
Q

What are the effects of antiarrhythmic agents on a person?

A

-may prolong QRS and QT intervals

45
Q

What are the BP change of a patient who has orthostatic hypotension?

A
  • systolic BP drops >20 mmHg

- diastolic BP drops >10 mmHg

46
Q

What is common BP for infants (<2 yrs)?

A

Systolic: 106-110
Diastolic: 59-63

47
Q

What is common BP for children 3-5 yrs of age?

A

Systolic: 113-116
Diastolic: 67-74

48
Q

What is mean arterial pressure?

A
  • arterial pressure within the large arteries over time

- dependent on mean blood flow and arterial compliance

49
Q

How is MAP calculated?

A

(SBP + 2DBP)/3

50
Q

What is normal MAP?

A

70-110 mmHg

51
Q

What is orthopnea?

A

Inability to breathe when in a reclining or supine position

52
Q

Define paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

Sudden inability to breathe occurring during sleeping

53
Q

Define hypoxemia

A
  • abnormally low amount of oxygen in the blood

- SaO2 levels <90%

54
Q

Where does cardiac pain refer to?

A

Shoulders, back, arms, neck or jaw

55
Q

Define diaphoresis and what can it be associated with?

A
  • excessive sweating

- decreased cardiac output

56
Q

Decreased or absent arterial pulses are associated with what disease?

A

Peripheral artery disease

57
Q

What is clubbing of the fingers associated with?

A
  • Chronic oxygen deficiency
  • chronic pulmonary disease
  • heart failure

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