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Boards Studying > Chp 3- Cardiovascular And Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Chp 3- Cardiovascular And Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Pericardium

A

Fibrous protective sac enclosing heart

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2
Q

Epicardium

A

Inner layer of pericardium

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3
Q

Myocardium

A

Heart muscle, the major portion of the heart

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4
Q

Endocardium

A

Smooth lining of the inner surface and cavities of the heart

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5
Q

Right atrium

A

Receives blood from systemic circulation through superior and inferior vena cava

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6
Q

Right ventricle

A
  • Blood from RA
  • pumps blood via pulmonary artery to lungs for oxygenation
  • low pressure pulmonary pump
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7
Q

Left atrium

A

-receives oxygenated blood from lungs+ 4 pulmonary veins

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8
Q

Left ventricle

A
  • blood from LA
  • pumps blood to systemic circulation via aorta
  • high pressure pump
  • LV walls are thicker and stronger than RV
  • forms most of the left side and apex of heart
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9
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A
  • Prevent backflow of the blood into atria during ventricular systole
  • anchored by chordae tendineae to papillary muscles
  • values close when ventricular walls contract
  • Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves
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10
Q

Tricuspid valves

A

Right heart valve

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11
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

Left heart valve

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12
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • prevent backflow of blood from aorta and pulmonary arteries into ventricles during diastole
  • pulmonary and aortic valves
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13
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Prevents right back flow

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14
Q

Aortic valve

A

Prevents left backflow

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15
Q

Systole

A

Period of ventricular contraction

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16
Q

End systolic volume

A

Amount of blood in the ventricles after systole

-about 50mL

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17
Q

Diastole

A

Period of ventricular relaxation and filing of blood

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18
Q

End diastolic volume

A

Amount of blood in the ventricles after diastole

-about 120mL

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19
Q

Atrial contraction

A

Occurs during the last third of diastole and completes ventricular filling
-compromises last 20-30% of end diastolic volume

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20
Q

Coronary circulation

A

Blood circulates to myocardium during diastole

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21
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Supplies:

  • right atrium
  • most of right ventricle
  • inferior wall of left ventricle
  • AV node and bundle of His
  • SA node 60% of the time
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22
Q

left coronary artery supplies?

A
  • most of left ventricle

- has two divisions: left anterior descending and circumflex artery

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23
Q

Left anterior descending artery (LAD) supplies?

A
  • most of left ventricle
  • interventricular septum
  • inferior areas of the apex
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24
Q

Circumflex artery supplies?

A
  • lateral and inferior walls of the left ventricle
  • portions of left atrium
  • 40% of SA node
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25
Q

Where does coronary sinus receive blood from?

A

-receives venous blood from heart and empties into right atrium

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26
Q

Specialized conduction tissue

A

Allows rapid transmission electrical impulses throughout the myocardium

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27
Q

Where is the Sinoatrial (SA) node located?

A

-located at junction of superior vena cava and right atrium

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28
Q

What does the SA node do?

A

Main pacemaker of the heart, initiates the impulse rate of 60-100 bpm

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29
Q

What type of innervation does the SA node have?

A

Has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation affecting both HR and strength of contraction

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30
Q

Where is the Atrioventricular (AV) node located?

A

At the junction of right atrium and right ventricle

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31
Q

What innervation does the AV node have and what is it’s intrinsic firing rate?

A
  • Parasympathetic and sympathetic

- 40-60 bpm

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32
Q

What is Purkinje tissue and why is it important?

A
  • specialized conducting tissue spread throughout the ventricles
  • Right and left bundle branches of the AV node terminate here
  • intrinsic firing rate of 20-40 bpm
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33
Q

Normal sinus rhythm originates where and what is the path it takes?

A

SA note–> impulse through both atria which contract together–>stimulates AV node–>transmitted down bundle of His to Purkinje fibers–>impulse spreads through both ventricles which contract together (atrial kick)

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34
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • striated muscle fibers with numerous mitochondria
  • exhibits rhythmicity of contraction
  • fibers contract as a functional unit
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35
Q

What type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels?

A

Smooth muscle tissue

36
Q

Define stroke volume and the normal range

A
  • amount of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction

- 55-100 mL/beat

37
Q

What is stroke volume influenced by

A

-LV end diastolic volume= the amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole= preload

38
Q

Define Frank-Starling law

A

The greater the amount of preload, the greater the quantity of blood pumped

39
Q

Define afterload

A

The force the LV must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve

40
Q

Define cardiac output

A

Amount of blood discharged from the left or right ventricle per minute

41
Q

What is the normal range of cardiac output

A

4-5 L per minute

42
Q

How is cardiac output determined?

A

HRxSV=CO

43
Q

How is cardiac index calculated and what is the normal range?

A

Cardiac index= CO/body surface area

-2.5-3.5L/min

44
Q

What is the normal range for left ventricular end diastolic pressure?

A

5-12 mmHg

45
Q

Define ejection fraction

A

Percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole
-clinically useful measure of LV function

46
Q

How is EF calculated?

A

EF=SV/left ventricular end diastolic volume

47
Q

What is the normal range of EF, and the consequences of low EF?

A
  • lower EF= more impaired LV

- >55%

48
Q

Define atrial filling pressure

A

-the difference between the venous and atrial pressures

49
Q

What happens to right atrial filling pressure during strong ventricular contractions?

A
  • decreased pressure

- enhanced atrial filling

50
Q

What affects right atrial filling pressure?

A
  • changes in intrathoracic pressure
  • decreases during inspiration
  • increases during coughing or forced expiration
51
Q

When does venous return increase?

A

-when blood volume expands

52
Q

When does venous return decrease?

A

-during hypovolemic shock

53
Q

How is myocardial oxygen demand clinically measured?

A

HR x SBP= rate pressure produce

54
Q

What is the job of arteries in peripheral circulation?

A

Transports oxygenated blood from areas of high pressure–>low pressure

55
Q

What are arteries in peripheral circulation influenced by?

A

Elasticity and extensibility of vessel walls and by peripheral resistance

56
Q

What are the function of arterioles?

A

Primary site of vascular resistance

57
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Small blood vessels that connect the ends of arteries with the beginning of veins

58
Q

What type of veins accompany arteries?

A

Deep veins

59
Q

What is venous circulation influenced by?

A
  • muscle contraction
  • gravity
  • respiration (increased return with inspiration)
  • compliance of right heart
60
Q

What is the job of the lymphatic system?

A

-drains lymph from bodily tissues and returns it to venous circulation

61
Q

Lymphatic contraction occurs by:

A

1) parasympathetic, sympathetic, and sensory nerve stimulation
2) contraction of adjacent muscles
3) abdominal and thoracic cavity pressure changes during normal breathing
4) mechanical stimulation of dermal tissues
5) volume changes within each lymphatic vessel

62
Q

Where is parasympathetic control located in the brain?

A

Medulla oblongata

63
Q

parasympathetic stimulation occurs via which method?

A

Via the Vagus nerve and cardiac plexus

64
Q

Where does parasympathetic innervation occur?

A
  • innervates the SA node, AV node, and sparsely myocardium

- releases Acetylcholine

65
Q

What are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?

A
  • slows rate and force of myocardial contraction
  • decreases myocardial metabolism
  • causes coronary artery vasoconstriction
66
Q

Sympathetic stimulation occurs via which method?

A

Cord segments T1-T4, upper thoracic to superior cervical chain ganglia

67
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation innervate?

A
  • SA node, AV node, conduction pathways, myocytes

- releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

68
Q

What does sympathetic stimulation cause?

A
  • increase in rate and force of myocardial contraction and metabolism
  • coronary artery vasodilation
69
Q

What occurs when skin and peripheral vasculature receive sympathetic innervation?

A

-vasoconstriction of cutaneous arteries

70
Q

What types of drugs increase sympathetic functioning?

A

Sympathomimetics

71
Q

What types of drugs decrease sympathetic functioning?

A

Sympatholytics

72
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

Main mechanisms controlling heart rate

73
Q

Where are baroreceptors located?

A

Walls of aortic arch and carotid sinus

74
Q

Describe the process that occurs with circulatory reflex when BP increases.

A

Parasympathetic stimulation–> decreased rate and force of cardiac contraction–> sympathetic inhibition–> decreased peripheral resistance

75
Q

Describe the process that occurs with circulatory reflex when BP decreases.

A

Sympathetic stimulation–> increased HR and BP and vasoconstriction of peripheral blood vessels

76
Q

Where are chemoreceptors located?

A

Carotid body

77
Q

What occurs when CO2 is increased, O2 is decreased, and pH levels are decreased?

A

Increased HR

78
Q

What is hyperkalemia?

A

Increased concentration of potassium ions in the blood

79
Q

What are the cardiovascular affects of hyperkalemia?

A
  • decreases the rate and force of contraction
  • produces widened PR interval and QRS
  • tall T waves
80
Q

Define Hypokalemia

A

Decreased concentrations of potassium ions

81
Q

What are the effects of hypokalemia?

A
  • flattened T waves
  • prolonged PR and QT intervals
  • produces arrhythmias which may progress to ventricular fibrillation
82
Q

Define hypercalcemia and its affects on the cardiovascular system

A

Increased calcium concentration increases heart actions

83
Q

Define hypocalcemia and its affects on the cardiovascular system

A
  • decreased calcium concentrations

- depresses heart actions

84
Q

What can hypermagnesemia do to the cardiovascular system?

A

-lead to arrhythmias or cardiac arrest

85
Q

What are the effects of hypomagnesemia

A
  • ventricular arrhythmias
  • coronary vasospasms
  • sudden death
86
Q

What are the effects of increased peripheral resistance?

A

-increases arterial blood volume and pressure

87
Q

What is peripheral resistance influenced by?

A

Arterial blood volume- viscosity of blood and diameter of arterioles and capillaries

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