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biological chem DAT > chp 2 biological chem DAT > Flashcards

chp 2 biological chem DAT Flashcards

cells and organelles

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1
Q

what are the cell membrane components ?

A

phospholipids, carbs and proteins.

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2
Q

3 determinants -

A

temp , cholesterol and fatty acid sat

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3
Q

temp -

A

hot ; phospholipids spread out (more fluid)

cold; phospholipids get closer - membrane less fluid and more rigid

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4
Q

cholesterol -

A

maintains the distance when cold. holds phospholipids together when hot

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5
Q

fluid mosaic model -

A

cis - unsat fatty acid (bent = H on the same side ) FLUID

sat fatty acid RIGID

trans - unsat fatty acid ( H is on each app side ) RIGID

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6
Q

problem with a barrier -

A

cells need to move molecules across the membrane . they can cross through passive and active transport

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7
Q

passive transport -

A

utilizes “passive diffusion” ( substances diffuse DOWN their concentration grad.

NO CELLULAR ENERGY REQUIRED

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8
Q

2 types of passive transport -

A

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

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9
Q

simple diffusion -

A

small , uncharged , non polar , molecular , OSMOSIS

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10
Q

facilitated diffusion -

A

large, hydrophilic , charged molecules.

utilizes intergral membrane proteins.

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11
Q

facilitated diffusion ports -

A

uniport ( one molecule,one way )

symport (several molecule , one way )

antiport ( several molecules, opp ways)

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12
Q

passive transport : facilitated diffusion

A

channel protein - connect extra and intracellular environment. allowed passage of small polar molecules

carriers proteins : change the shape and only faces one side at a time.

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13
Q

channel proteins -

A

PORINS
usually not specific
normally allow any hydrophilic molecules

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14
Q

active transport -

A

3 types
primary active
secondary active
cytosis

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15
Q

primary active

A

uses energy from TAP hydrolysis , pumps ions against their concentration grad

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16
Q

secondary active

A

relies on energy source OTHER THAN ATP
transports molecules against their concentration Grad

relies on primary , uses energy another molecule releases

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17
Q

cytosis

A

facilitate bulk transport (larg polar molecules)
requires energy

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18
Q

2 types of cytosis

A

endo and exocytosis

Edno - phago,pino, receptor mediated endocytosis

exo

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19
Q

endo -

A

endocytosis - the formation of vesicle around something extracellular

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20
Q

phago -

A

cellular eating , undissolved material

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21
Q

pino -

A

cellular drinking , dissolved materials

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22
Q

receptor mediated endo

A

specific molecule bind to the peripheral membrane proteins

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23
Q

exocytosis

A

opposite of endo
meaterials exit the cell

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24
Q

what is the currency for cells ?

A

ATP

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25
Q

what are integral proteins ?

A

they will cross the entire lipid bilayer. They will be exposed in the extra and intra cellular membrane. they are receptors and transporters.

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26
Q

what are peripheral membrane proteins?

A

DO NOT CROSS BILAYER. they are only attached in the surface outside of the cell. they are polar. they act as adhesion and recognition proteins.

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27
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

it is the flow of the components- it has a lateral movement.

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28
Q

3 determinants of the fluid mosaic model-

A

temp, cholesterol and fatty acid saturation.

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29
Q

temp

A

phospholipids spread out when temp is hot and when its cold they are more rigid.

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30
Q

cholesterol

A

maintain the distance between phospholipids when its cold or hot. it acts as a balancer for fluidity

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31
Q

saturation

A

saturated - NO double bonds
Unsat - double bonds
trans unsat - double bond on opposite side STRAIGHT
cis unsat - double bond on same side BENT

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32
Q

crossing the cell membrane -

A

this is a problem for cells because they need to eat and cross waste.

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33
Q

how do cells overcome the cell membrane ?

A

passive and active transport

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34
Q

what is passive transport ?

A

diffusion -
no cellular energy is required
moving DOWN its gradient
uses ATP for energy

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35
Q

what are the 2 types of passive transport?

A

simple and facilitated

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36
Q

simple transport

A

small , uncharged, non polar molecules.
moving DOWN the gradient
-osmosis is a type of simple trans-

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37
Q

facilitated transport

A

large, hydrophilic, charged molecules.
uses integral proteins.

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38
Q

uniport, symport,antiport

A

uni - 1 molecule 1 way
Sym- many molecules 1 way
anti- many molecules pop way

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39
Q

types of integral proteins

A

channel and carriers

channel- they connect the extra and intra environment and allow small polar molecules to cross

carriers - they change shape and open 1 side at a time

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40
Q

active transport

A

molecules traveling AGAINST concentration gradient. REQUIRES energy (ATP) and it relies on carrier proteins

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41
Q

3 types of active transport

A

primary, secondary and cytosis

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42
Q

primary

A

uses energy from ATP hydrolysis and it pumps ions against concentration grad

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43
Q

secondary

A

relies on energy OTHER than ATP . transporting molecules against concentration molecules . uses energy molecule releases

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44
Q

cytosis

A

transporting bulk - large, polar , molecules and requires energy.

45
Q

2 types of cytosis

A

endo and exo

46
Q

endocytosis

A

cell will grab sometime from extracellular environment and wrap it in plasma membrane (plasma) and take it INSIDE the cell

47
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis-cellular eating , undissolved material

pinocytosis-cellular drinking , undissolved material or fluids

receptor mediated endocytosis- molecule bind to peripheral membrane

48
Q

ORGANELLES -

A
49
Q

eukaryotic and prokaryotic

A

e- men bound organelles
p-non membrane bound organelles

50
Q

what surrounds each organelle ?

A

phospholipid bilayer

51
Q

what is the cytoplasm ?

A

EVERYTHING inside and within the cell

52
Q

what Is the cytosol ?

A

the intracellular fluid

53
Q

DNA

A

instruction manual , transcription ans translation

54
Q

DNA in eukaryotes and prokaryotes ?

A

E - nucleus and P- nucleoid

55
Q

how do supplies get inside the nucleus ?

A

nuclear pores - a passage way to the nucleus

56
Q

nucleus

A

DNA house

57
Q

nucleolus

A

dense region , rRNA production and ribosomal subunit production

58
Q

how do supplies get inside ?

A

nuclear pores

59
Q

ribosomes

A

protein TRANSLATION
they are not organelles
E: 80 s (60 s and 40s )
P: 70s (50s and 30s)

60
Q

rough ER

A

outer nuclear membrane surface
why rough ? because there are ribosomes bound to the surface

61
Q

rough ER lumen

A

protein modification (glycosylation )

62
Q

smooth ER

A

smooth ? no ribosomes
synthesize lipids, synthesize steroid hormones
detoxify cells and store ions

63
Q

Golgi app

A

flatten sacs - cos and trans face
ER product modification (phosphorylation )
destination ; cytosol , cell membrane,extracell space, lysosome , vacuole

64
Q

lysosome

A

braking down
acidic enzymes
functions at low pH

65
Q

when are lysosomes used -

A

endocytosis,autophagy , apoptosis

66
Q

vacuole

A

all plants and fungal cells have this
form by membrane fusing together

67
Q

types of vacuoles

A

transport - large transport vesicles

food - merge with lysosomes

central - storage

contractile - pumps put excess water

68
Q

endomembrane system

A

nucleus
nuclear envelope
rough and smooth ER
Golgi app
lysosome
vacuoles
cell mem

69
Q

peroxisomes

A

not part of the endo system
breaks down fatty acids
detoxification
may break down proteins

generates hydrogen peroxide - oxidizing agent , produces reactive oxygen species
( excessive damages the DNA , potentially cancer)

what prevent this ? catalase

70
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse , produces ATP

71
Q

chloroplast

A

some plants and protist
( algae)
photosynthesis

72
Q

centrosome

A

found near nucleus
pair of centrioles
serves as microtubule organizing centers MTOCs

73
Q

cytoskeleton

A

lies within the cytoplasm
functions- structure, movement, transport

74
Q

eurkaryotic cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments , intermediate microfilaments, microtubules

75
Q

microfilament - actin

A

smallest diameter , double helix , rapid dis/assembly

76
Q

intermediate filaments

A

medium diameter , many types of proteins (keratin )
long lasting

cellular support ( cell junctions , nuclear lamina )

77
Q

motor proteins

A

kinesis and dyneins
transport cargo
ATP hydrolysis

78
Q

microtubules

A

largest diameter
hollow tubes
helical shape
grow and shrink rapidly
function; structural support , cell division , cilia and flagella

79
Q

kinesis

A

cargo towards the positive end of the microtubule

80
Q

axonemal dyneins

A

propagates beating of the cilia and flagella

80
Q

cytoplasmic dyneins

A

retrograde transport
cargo towards negative end of the microtubule

81
Q

MTOCs

A

creates , extends and organizes microtubules

forms the spindle app
( guides chromes on opp side) anaphase

82
Q

types of spindle app

A

kinetochores , polar microtubules , astral microtubules

83
Q

type of MTOCs

A

centrosomes
present in animals
1 per daughter cell

84
Q

centrioles

A

inhabit the centrosome
hollow microtubule
9 triplets of microtubules

85
Q

where do centrioles come from

A

spindle fibers app

86
Q

centrioles cilium and flagellum

A

centriole attaches to cell mem. the basal body produces cilia or flagellum
9 doublet of microtubules
E: use tubulin dimmers
P: flagellin

87
Q

extracellular matrix

A

carbs , fibrous structural proteins, adhesion proteins

88
Q

proteoglycans

A

glycoproteins
lots of carbs

89
Q

fibrous structural proteins

A

fibroblast make collagen
strength and rigid

90
Q

integrins

A

transmembrane proteins
signals cells about the extracellular environment
(grow, divide, differentiate, apoptosis )

91
Q

fibronectin

A

connect integrins to collagen or preoteoglycans

92
Q

laminin

A

active component of the basal lamina , similar to fibronectin

93
Q

cell wall

A

structures, protection, filtration
plants - cellulose
fungi-chitin
bacteria - peptidoglycan
Archaea - polysaccharides

94
Q

bacteria

A

peptidoglycan cell wall
adhesion
protection
cell to cell recognition

95
Q

cell matrix junction

A

connect ECM to cytoskeleton

2 types

96
Q

cell matrix junction type : focal adhesions

A

ECM to actin

97
Q

cell matrix junction: hemidesomosomes

A

ECM to keratin

98
Q

cell to cell junctions

A

tight
desmosomes
adhere
gap

99
Q

tight junctions

A

water seal

100
Q

desmosomes

A

extends across mem-keratin
connects cytoskeleton

101
Q

adherent

A

extend across mem-
actin
connects cytoskeleton

102
Q

gap junctions

A

connexons made of conexins

membrane channel proteins

103
Q

tonicity

A

relative solute concentration of 2 solutions

determines osmosis

104
Q

isotonic

A

intra and extra concentration are the same. ( animals cells prefer )

105
Q

hyper

A

extra concentration I higher

water leaves the cell

106
Q

hypo

A

intra concentration is higher

water enters the cell (plants prefer)

107
Q
A

biological chem DAT (12 decks)

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