Chp. 10 Virology Flashcards
Positive strand virus
a nucleic acid strand that
has the same sense as the mRNA
Negative strand virus
a nucleic acid strand that
has the opposite sense to (is complementary
to) the mRNA
Replicative form
a double-stranded
molecule that is an intermediate in the
replication of viruses with single-stranded
genomes
Reverse transcription
the process of
copying genetic information found in RNA
into DNA
Overlapping genes
two or more genes in
which part or all of one gene is embedded
in another gene
Rolling circle replication
a mechanism,
used by some plasmids and viruses, of
replicating circular DNA, which starts by
nicking and unrolling one strand. For a
single-stranded genome, this is preceded by
using the still-circular strand as a template
for DNA synthesis; for a double-stranded
genome, the unrolled strand is used as a
template for DNA synthesis
microbial communities
two or more
populations of cells that coexist and
interact in a habitat
culture
a collection of microbial cells grown
using a nutrient medium
medium
in microbiology,
the liquid or solid nutrient mixture(s) used
to grow microorganisms
colony
a macroscopically visible population
of cells growing on solid medium, arising
from a single cell
cytoplasmic membrane
a semipermeable
barrier that separates the cell interior
(cytoplasm) from the environment
cell wall
a rigid layer present outside the
cytoplasmic membrane; it confers structural
strength on the cell
chmolithotrophy
a form of metabolism
in which energy is generated from the
oxidation of inorganic compounds
contrast
the ability to resolve a cell or
structure from its surroundings
cytoplasm
the fluid portion of a cell,
enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane
enrichment culture technique
a method
for isolating specific microorganisms from
nature using specific culture media and
incubation conditions
enzyme
a protein (or in some cases an RNA)
catalyst that functions to speed up chemical
reactions
eukaryotic
having a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and various other membraneenclosed organelles; cells of Eukarya
extremophiles
s microorganisms that inhabit
environments characterized by extremes of
temperature, pH, pressure, or salinity
genome
an organism’s full complement of
genes
gram-negative
e a bacterial cell with a
cell wall containing small amounts of
peptidoglycan and an outer membrane
gram - positive
a bacterial cell whose cell wall
consists chiefly of peptidoglycan; it lacks
the outer membrane of gram-negative cells
gram stain
a differential staining procedure
that stains cells either purple (gram-positive
cells) or pink (gram-negative cells)
kochs postulates
a set of criteria for proving
that a given microorganism causes a given
disease
macromolecules
a polymer of monomeric
units, for example proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides, and lipids
metabolism
all biochemical reactions in a cell
motility
the movement of cells by some
form of self-propulsion
nucleoid
the aggregated mass of DNA that
makes up the chromosome(s) of prokaryotic
cells
nucleus
a membrane-enclosed structure in
eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s DNA
genome
organelle
a bilayer-membrane-enclosed
structure such as the mitochondrion, found
in eukaryotic cells
plamid
an extrachromosomal genetic
element that is not essential for growth
prokaryotic
lacking a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and other organelles; cells of
Bacteria or Archaea
ribosomes
a structure composed of RNAs
and proteins upon which new proteins are
made
transcription
the synthesis of an RNA
molecule complementary to one of the two
strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule
translation
the synthesis of protein by a
ribosome using the genetic information in a
messenger RNA as a template
