Chp. 10 Virology

Question 1

Positive strand virus

Answer 1

a nucleic acid strand that
has the same sense as the mRNA

Question 2

Negative strand virus

Answer 2

a nucleic acid strand that
has the opposite sense to (is complementary
to) the mRNA

Question 3

Replicative form

Answer 3

a double-stranded
molecule that is an intermediate in the
replication of viruses with single-stranded
genomes

Question 4

Reverse transcription

Answer 4

the process of
copying genetic information found in RNA
into DNA

Question 5

Overlapping genes

Answer 5

two or more genes in
which part or all of one gene is embedded
in another gene

Question 6

Rolling circle replication

Answer 6

a mechanism,
used by some plasmids and viruses, of
replicating circular DNA, which starts by
nicking and unrolling one strand. For a
single-stranded genome, this is preceded by
using the still-circular strand as a template
for DNA synthesis; for a double-stranded
genome, the unrolled strand is used as a
template for DNA synthesis

Question 7

microbial communities

Answer 7

two or more
populations of cells that coexist and
interact in a habitat

Question 8

culture

Answer 8

a collection of microbial cells grown
using a nutrient medium

Question 9

medium

Answer 9

in microbiology,
the liquid or solid nutrient mixture(s) used
to grow microorganisms

Question 10

colony

Answer 10

a macroscopically visible population
of cells growing on solid medium, arising
from a single cell

Question 11

cytoplasmic membrane

Answer 11

a semipermeable
barrier that separates the cell interior
(cytoplasm) from the environment

Question 12

cell wall

Answer 12

a rigid layer present outside the
cytoplasmic membrane; it confers structural
strength on the cell

Question 13

chmolithotrophy

Answer 13

a form of metabolism
in which energy is generated from the
oxidation of inorganic compounds

Question 14

contrast

Answer 14

the ability to resolve a cell or
structure from its surroundings

Question 15

cytoplasm

Answer 15

the fluid portion of a cell,
enclosed by the cytoplasmic membrane

Question 16

enrichment culture technique

Answer 16

a method
for isolating specific microorganisms from
nature using specific culture media and
incubation conditions

Question 17

enzyme

Answer 17

a protein (or in some cases an RNA)
catalyst that functions to speed up chemical
reactions

Question 18

eukaryotic

Answer 18

having a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and various other membraneenclosed organelles; cells of Eukarya

Question 19

extremophiles

Answer 19

s microorganisms that inhabit
environments characterized by extremes of
temperature, pH, pressure, or salinity

Question 20

genome

Answer 20

an organism’s full complement of
genes

Question 21

gram-negative

Answer 21

e a bacterial cell with a
cell wall containing small amounts of
peptidoglycan and an outer membrane

Question 22

gram - positive

Answer 22

a bacterial cell whose cell wall
consists chiefly of peptidoglycan; it lacks
the outer membrane of gram-negative cells

Question 23

gram stain

Answer 23

a differential staining procedure
that stains cells either purple (gram-positive
cells) or pink (gram-negative cells)

Question 24

kochs postulates

Answer 24

a set of criteria for proving
that a given microorganism causes a given
disease

Question 25

macromolecules

Answer 25

a polymer of monomeric
units, for example proteins, nucleic acids,
polysaccharides, and lipids

Question 26

metabolism

Answer 26

all biochemical reactions in a cell

Question 27

motility

Answer 27

the movement of cells by some
form of self-propulsion

Question 28

nucleoid

Answer 28

the aggregated mass of DNA that
makes up the chromosome(s) of prokaryotic
cells

Question 29

nucleus

Answer 29

a membrane-enclosed structure in
eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s DNA
genome

Question 30

organelle

Answer 30

a bilayer-membrane-enclosed
structure such as the mitochondrion, found
in eukaryotic cells

Question 31

plamid

Answer 31

an extrachromosomal genetic
element that is not essential for growth

Question 32

prokaryotic

Answer 32

lacking a membrane-enclosed
nucleus and other organelles; cells of
Bacteria or Archaea

Question 33

ribosomes

Answer 33

a structure composed of RNAs
and proteins upon which new proteins are
made

Question 34

transcription

Answer 34

the synthesis of an RNA
molecule complementary to one of the two
strands of a double-stranded DNA molecule

Question 35

translation

Answer 35

the synthesis of protein by a
ribosome using the genetic information in a
messenger RNA as a template