Cholinergic Agonist

Question 1

What is the synapse called for cholinernergic drugs

Answer 1

Cholinergic synapse

Question 2

What is the name of the neurotransmitter the postganglionic parasympathetic release

Answer 2

Acetylcholine

Question 3

List the 2 types of cholinergic receptors

Answer 3

Muscarinic ( 5 classes) and Nicotinic

Question 4

Locations of Muscarinic receptors

Answer 4

CNS
Eye
Heart
Blood vessels
Bronchi
GUT
Urinary bladder 
Uterus
Sweat glands

Question 5

Locations of Nicotinic receptors

Answer 5

CNS
Adrenal medulla
Carotid glomerulus 
Sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
Skeletal muscles

Question 6

Define Cholinomimetics

Answer 6

This is cholinergic agonist and these increase the cholinergic neurotransmission

Question 7

What are the general side effects of M-Cholinominetics

Answer 7

Hypersalivation
Pain in the abdomen
Diarrhea
Spasm of bronchi
Bradycardia
Frequent urination
Sweatiness

Question 8

What type of cholinomimetic is the drug Carbachol and uses (direct acting)

Answer 8

Works both on N and M- Cholinomimetics, work by constricting the iris and the ciliary body, thus reducing intraocular pressure (parasympathetic). Used to treat Glucoma

Question 9

What type of cholinomimetic are the drug Pilocarpine and uses

Answer 9

M-agonist, used to treat glaucoma , this is an alkaloid

Question 10

Define Direct acting cholinergic agonist

Answer 10

The direct-acting cholinergic agonists work by directly binding to and activating the muscarinic receptors. Examples of direct-acting cholinergic agents include choline esters (acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, bethanechol) and alkaloids (muscarine, pilocarpine, cevimeline).

Question 11

Define Indirect acting cholinergic agonist

Answer 11

The anticholinesterases bind to acetylcholinesterase(this is the enzyme which breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic gap) thus allowing an increased interaction with acetylcholine to both M and N receptors. This process can be reversible or irreversible

Question 12

The drug Galantamine classification

Answer 12

Alkaloid
administrated SC,IM and orally
reversible anti cholinesterase
Can enter the CNS, this drug is used to treat neurological diseases, alzheimers, paralysis. Not used for glaucoma

Question 13

The drug Neostigmine classification

Answer 13

Anticholinesterase, reversible , this can be administered orally, SC,IV and topical, does not cross the blood brain barrier, used to treat myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness), paralysis, neuritis (inflammation of nerves), muscle weakness of intestine and urinary bladder, arrthymmia, glaucoma,poisoning with atropine, overdose of tubocurarine; may be used for stimulation of labor activity; in dentistry is applied for xerostomia; is less toxic than physostigminc.

Question 14

The drug pyridostigmine

Answer 14

acts longer than neostigmine, but is weaker , provided orally.
used to treat neurological disease and myasthenia gravis (muscle weakness)

Question 15

List the signs of acute poisoning with organophosphate and what to do

Answer 15

hyper-salivation, nausea, vomiting, spasm of bronchi, oedema of the lungs, convulsions and unconsciousness.

use reactivators of cholinesterase i.e Atropine

Question 16

What are the primary functions of N-choline receptors

Answer 16

They actively work on the carotid sinus this increase the activity of respiration and vasomotor centres stimulating breathing and increase BP. N- choline receptors situated in the adrenal medulla increase the secretion of epinephrine thiis results in vasoconstriction and increase in BP.

Question 17

What are the effects of M-Choline metrics

Answer 17

Blood vessels dilate thus causing Bradycardia and hypotension

Causes contractions of smooth muscle. This is used to treat Atonia of the intestine and urinary bladder after surgery.

Hypersalvitation

causes miosis and decreases the intra-eye pressure. This is used to treat Glaucoma