cholesterol

Question 1

what are the levels for cholesterol

Answer 1

• Total cholesterol levels: Below 200 mg/dL (Desirable), 200-239 mg/dL (Borderline high), 240 mg/dL and above (High)

Question 2

what is hyperlipidemia

Answer 2

• Lipoproteins allow fats to move through the water inside and outside cells
• Include plasma lipoprotein particles that enable fats to be carried in the bloodstream
• High-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL)

Question 3

what are the levels of triglycerides

150 - 199, 200 - 499,500
1.7, 2.3 - 5.6, 5.6

Answer 3

o Below 150 mg/dL or below 1.7 mmol/L: Desirable
o 150-199 mg/dL or 1.7-2.2 mmol/L: Borderline high
o 200-499 mg/dL or 2.3-5.6 mmol/L: High
o 500 mg/dL and above or 5.6 mmol/L and above: Very high

Question 4

what happens when there is a fall in blood cholesterol

Answer 4

• A fall in blood cholesterol may lead to an increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis, resulting in elevated blood cholesterol despite a reduction in dietary intake.
• Elevated concentrations of lipid (hyperlipidemia) can lead to the development of atherosclerosis and CAD.
• Treatments for hyperlipidemia aim to reduce LDL levels and raise HDL levels.

Question 5

what are the five types of anti hyperlipidemic drugs

Answer 5

o Statins: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
o Bile acid binding resins
o Fibrates
o Niacin (Nicotinic Acid)
o Cholesterol absorption inhibitors

Question 6

role of statins

Answer 6

• • Mechanism of action: inhibits enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, leading to reduced cholesterol synthesis and increased synthesis of LDL receptors.

• Examples of statins include atorvastatin, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin.

Question 7

role of bile acid resins , convert cholesterol to bill salt in liver

Answer 7

• Bile acid resins indirectly promote the conversion of cholesterol to bile salts in the liver and reduce LDL cholesterol levels.

Question 8

role of vibrates

PPARa
lipolysis
livers production of vldl
less preferred

Answer 8

• Fibrates lower lipid levels by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), which increases lipolysis and elimination of triglyceride-rich particles from plasma.
• They reduce blood triglyceride levels by reducing the liver’s production of VLDL.
• Fibrates are less preferred than statins as they do not appear to reduce the risk of heart disease or death.

Question 9

role of cholesterol absorption inhibitors

Answer 9

• Cholesterol absorption inhibitors inhibit the absorption of dietary cholesterol but may lead to rebound resynthesis by the liver.

Question 10

role of niacin

Answer 10

• Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) requires higher doses than dietary recommendations to show effects on lipid levels.