Chloroplasts & ATP, apoptosis, mitochondria, GFP-tagging

Question 1

Chloroplasts

Answer 1

Are plant cell organelles that are responsible for photosynthesis and ATP synthesis

Question 2

Energy Supply

Answer 2

Aerobic respiration: Converts oxygen energy stored in food molecules (e.g. glucose) into chemical energy stored in ATP. CO2 is produced as waste.
Photosynthesis: building carbohydrates using energy from sunlight and CO2

Question 3

Light-dependent Reactions

Answer 3

• Occurs in thylakoid membrane
• Chlorophyll (green) is in ‘Light Harvesting Complex’
• Sunlight + H2O —> O2 + electrons + hydrogen
• Electrons enter the ETC (electron transport chain)
• Hydrogen pumped into the thylakoid lumen

Question 4

Light-independent Reactions

Answer 4

• Occurs in the stroma
• ATP (and NADPH) made in Light Reaction is used to make CH2O (Carbohydrates)

Question 5

Apoptosis

Answer 5

Programmed Cell Death
- Shrinkage of cell
- Blebbing of the plasma membrane
- Fragmentation of DNA and nucleus
- Loss of attachment to other cells
- Engulfment by phagocytosis

Question 6

PCD

Answer 6

Programmed Cell Death occurs in plants

Question 7

Apoptosis process

Answer 7

Steps:
1. Initiated by intracellular stimuli (e.g. genetic damage, virus, hypoxia)
2. This activates “killer proteins” causes changes in the mitochondria membrane so that they leak protein (e.g cytochrome - helpful protein)
3. Release of apoptotic mitochondrial proteins commits the cell to apoptosis

Question 8

GFP

Answer 8

Green Fluorescent Protein, is a protein that emits green light in UV light

Question 9

GFP tagging

Answer 9

Process
- GFP can be FUSED to a protein of interest
- Shine cells with UV light: to see where in the cell GFP is residing

GFP can be used to track cellular components

GFP structure was changed to emit different colors of light