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Biology 1090 > Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis and Cancer > Flashcards

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, Meiosis and Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Division

A

Occurs by mitosis (somatic or body cells) and meiosis (germ or sex cells)

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1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Any cell or organism that has a nucleus. The cell has a nuclear membrane that surrounds the nucleus, where the chromosomes are located.

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

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3
Q

G1 phase (Gap 1)

A

Growth, cellular metabolism

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4
Q

S phase (Synthesis)

A

DNA replication (chromosome duplication)

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5
Q

G2 phase (Gap 2)

A

Preparation for mitosis

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6
Q

M phase (mitosis)

A

Chromosomal separation and cytokinesis

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7
Q

Interphase

A

Time between successive mitoses (G1 + S + G2)

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8
Q

The Human Karyotype

A
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9
Q

Ploidy

A

The number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell is known as its ploidy.

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10
Q

Haploid (n)

A

A cell with one complete set of chromosomes
E.g. Sperm cell or an egg cell

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11
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

A cell with two complete sets of chromosomes: one from the mother & one from the father
E.g. A somatic cell, leaf cell, skin cell

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12
Q

Prophase

A

1st stage of Mitosis
Chromosomes condense.
Centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles

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13
Q

Prometaphase

A

2nd stage of Mitosis
Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes

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14
Q

Metaphase

A

3rd stage of Mitosis
Chromosomes align in center of cell.

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15
Q

Anaphase

A

4th stage of Mitosis
Sister chromatids (which become individual chromosomes when the centromere splits) separate and travel to opposite poles

16
Q

Telophase

A

5th stage of Mitosis
Nuclear envelope re-forms and chromosomes decondense

17
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

Cells have many cell-cycle checkpoints, where they can pause the cell cycle if something is not right, before progressing to the next stage

18
Q

DNA damage checkpoint

A

Checks for damaged DNA before the cell enters S phase

19
Q

DNA replication checkpoint

A

Checks for any unreplicated DNA at the end of G2 before the cell enters mitosis

20
Q

Spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Checks for all chromosomes being attached to the spindle before the cell progresses with mitosis

21
Q

Cancer

A

Develops when the normal controls on cell division break down

22
Q

Oncogene

A

Cancer-causing gene

23
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

Normal genes are important for promoting cell division that have the potential to become cancerous if mutated

24
Q

Tumor suppressors

A

Genes that encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division (e.g. p53)

25
Q

Prophase I

A

1st stage of Meiosis I
Starting cell is diploid (2n=4)
Homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange fragments (crossing over)

26
Q

Metaphase I

A

2nd stage of Meiosis I
Homologous pairs line up in the center of the cell, with bivalents oriented randomly with respect to each other

27
Q

Anaphase I

A

3rd stage of Meiosis I
Homologues separate to opposite ends of the cells, and sister chromatids stay together

28
Q

Telophase I

A

4th stage of Meiosis I
Newly forming cells are haploid (n=2)

29
Q

Meiosis II

A

Cells move from meiosis I to meiosis II without copying their DNA. Mitosis for haploid cells.

30
Q

Prophase II

A

The nuclear envelope breaks down and the chromosomes condense.

31
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell

32
Q

Anaphase II

A

The sister chromatids separate and are pulled toward opposite poles of the cell

33
Q

Telophase II and cytokinesis

A

The nuclear envelope reforms and the cytoplasm divides

34
Q

Prometaphase II

A

Spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

35
Q

Prometaphase I

A

Spindles attach to kinetochores on chromosomes

36
Q

Cancer development steps

A

Normal, Benign, Malignant, Metastatic cancer

37
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Body’s somatic cells
  • Results in two diploid daughter cells
  • Each daughter cell is genetically identical

Biology 1090 (11 decks)

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