China Policy, Spanish-American War, Roosevelt, Cuba & Phillipines, Imperialism Flashcards
China
Opium War (British introduced- weakened China)
TR realized the US position in the east was weak (called Philippines “Achilles heel”)
Partitioned
Sphere of influence, open door, John hay, Sino
Partitioned
Divided among strong powers
Sino
Japanese War (Japan got Korea)
Boxer Rebellion
Foreign countries debated over control of China
China secret society (called boxers- name given by westerners) wanted to get all foreigners out of China
False story printed in America saying westerners planned to destroy Chinese monument
Fighting began and boxers secretly received helped from Chinese government- killed over 200 foreigners in Peking and Beijing
Boxer Protocol- must apologize formally and reimburse
Hay sent second notes in hope to prevent war
Russo-Japanese war 1904
1893 Japan established a protectorate of Korea and obtained other islands off China coast
Japan had an eye on Manchuria (rich resources) but Russia already established
Russia wanted to move into Korea
Japan won on land/sea against Russia
Japan secretly asked Roosevelt to get involved (Nobel peace prize)
Treaty of Portsmouth, New Hampshire
August 1905
Treaty ending the Russian Japanese war
Roosevelt introduced indemnity (payment of damages)
Roosevelt was an arbitrator and suggest Russia give up half of Sakhalin
Japan took over Russian interested in Manchuria
Sphere of Influence
Foreign countries enjoy special rights; powers in another’s country
John hay
US Secretary of State - wanted all nations to have equal access to trade in China
Open door policy- unrestricted trade with China
Three reasons for US expansion
Economic, military, spreading culture
Economical reasons for US expansion
Colonies were great new markets for our American products
Colonies provided a source of cheap raw materials like lumber, cotton, sugar, bananas, etc.
Military reasons for US expansion
Colonies served as military installations to station American soldiers and places for our armed forces to refuel and rest
Allowed America to extend its military control of the Western Hemisphere over a greater area
Spreading our culture reasons for US expansion
Spread democratic ideas overseas
Spread Christianity around the world
Spread American culture around the world (ie coke, McDonald’s, American idol, films, etc)
expansionism
Policy of expanding a nations territory or economic influence
Roosevelt allied himself with expansionists (people wanted to extend nations power)
Why were people against expansionism?
1) against American principles
2) revolutions
3) racism
Alaska
William Seward purchases Alaska for 2 cents an acre
7.2 million dollars with Russia. Was ridiculed ar first but in late 1890s began to seem like a wise purchas.
Hawaii
Trade made United States interested in Hawaii
1820 first missionaries (people who converted foreigners Christian) arrived, created schools, introduced alphabet and bible
Naval base: Pearl Harbor refueling
Sugar: US no tariff favoring Hawaiian sugar leads to annexation
Queen Lili: last hawaiian monarch, forced to give up her throne
annexation
president Grover Cleveland was against t
Protectorate
State that is controlled & protected by another
Territory
region of US not admitted to the union as a state but having own legislature
Japan
Long isolated from the west
President Fillmore sent Perry to trade with Japan
Treaty of Kanagawa: Japan opened 2 ports
Gentlemens agreement
1907- redistributed Japanese immigrants and unsegregted Japanese school children
Foreign policy
A governments strategy to deal with other nations
Isolationism
A type of foreign policy: Noninvolvement in affairs of other nations
Collective security
A form of foreign policy: working with other countries to try to prevent war
Internationalism
A form of foreign policy: the principle of cooperation among nations, for the promotion of the common good
Imperialism
A type of foreign policy: spreading the rule of one country over another country / taking control of a less powerful country
Cultural imperialism
A countries culture impacting another country’s culture
Colonial imperialism
A country taking over another country’s land, usually by force
Economic imperialism
A country controlling key aspects of another country’s economy
Political imperialism
One country influencing the government of another country
Background of American imperialism
Monroe Doctrine- 1823 by president James Monroe, warned European nations to not get involved in political matters in central and South America, on the U.S. can influence
Manifest destiny- a belief that US is destined by god to expand, spread democracy across entirety of North America
Jose Marti
Cuban Rebel Leader. Fled to the US to gather money, arms, and troops. In 1895 Marti returned to his people to lead the, in a revolt.
Rough Riders
Group of athletes, cowboys, etc. led by Roosevelt during the Spanish-American war
Joined the battle of San Juan hill on July 1.
Buffalo soldiers
All black regiment, very instrumental to winning in Cuba
San Juan Hill
A battle in the Spanish-American war where the Rough Riders led America to win
Two days after America captured San Juan hill, the soanish fleet attempted to break out of Santiago. A four hour battle left the Spanish fleet completely destroyed. Spanish resistance in Cuba was ended.
Platt Amendment / Agreement
1903, after war was won and US owned Cuba
1. Cuba could not enter an alliance with other countries
2. US could intervene Cuban affairs
3. Cuba must lease Guantanamo bay as a navy station for US
4. Cuba cannot be in debt
Admiral Dewey
Head of navy during taking over Philippines, immediately sent by Roosevelt from China to Manila (capital of phillipines) once war began
Manila Bay
7 hour Spanish fleet destroyed capital of Phillipines
Emilio Aguanaleo
Filipino who fought for the US to get Spain but is not against the US because they are trying to get his country. He gained Phillipnes independence in 1946
Treaty of Paris of 1898
OF 1898.
1. Cuba is a protectorate free from Spain
2. Spain gives up Puerto Rico to Guatemala
3. US gives Spain $20 million for the Phillipines
Shows we are becoming on imperial power
July 4th
Filipino independence
Great white fleet
(1907) 16 steel-hulled battleships circumnavigated the globe as a token of American Power
Alfred T. Mahan, president of Naval War College
The American Navy rose from 12th to 3rd most powerful
The standing army rises to 130,000 men
Roosevelt wanted a strong global presence, and it clearly worked
Expanding the navy had begun in 1883
US interventions on Latin America (years)
1898 - 1920s
Panama Canal
Roosevelt wanted to connect Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
Steps to acquire Panama Canal
- French leased government of Colombia
- US bought lease from France for 40 million
- US agreed a 99 year lease, 250k a year
- Colombians reject the treaty (they own Panama)
- US encourages panama to revolt against Colombia
- Panama becomes Independent
- US makes treaty with Panama and builds the canal
TR background
“Accidental Presidency”
Elected after McKinley death in 1901. 42 and youngest president
Death of McKinley
Shot by Leon Csolgosz on September 6, 1901
Leon Csolgosz was an anarchist who opposed any and all forms of governement.
McKinley was shot at a public appearing in Buffalo, NY.
Csolgosz’ body was disintegrated in under 12 hours
Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy
1901-1913
Big Stick Diplomacy
Big Stick Diplomacy
A strong executive: US should play role consistent with size and wealth
Based on a west African proverb
Proceed with caution and approachableness but always be prepared to have to swing a big stick
Roosevelt Corollary
Message to EU countries regarding West Hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine: defensive (here’s what you wont do)
Roosevelt Corollary: offensive (here’s what we will do)
Roosevelt promised America would financially watch over Latin America to maintain Western Hemisphere peace
What did the US do after they signed the Treaty of Paris 1898
They made plans for the Filipino government, since they believed Filipinos lacked political or administrative experience. This was different than what the Filipinos expected to happen. They ran the government in intentions of a period of political development. There was also a lot of self-interest regarding economical and political imperialism. The Filipinos felt outraged.
commodore Matthew Perry
short on a mission to Japan by President Millard Fillmore. Steamed into Tokyo Bay with four water ships. Warships and asked the Japanese to open ports for US ships.
treaty of Kanagawa
1854, Matthew Perry and Japan agreed to open 2 ports to American ships . Created a period of US-Japan trade.
What drove imperialism
The search for materials and markets, especially raw materials from Asia and Africa
William H. Seward
supported annexation to rank in the worlds greatest powers. He pictured an American e,pire Thar dominated the Caribbean, Central America, and the pacific. He also imagined a canal across Central America linking the Atlantic and pacific Oceanside. Thriving railroad systems, and rapid telegraph communication.
Josiah Strong
A congregational minister who proposed an “imperialism of righteousness” with Americans bring their religion and culture to Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Pam American Union
A union between the US and Latin America that allowed them to share information among member nations.
Steps for Hawaii
In 1867 Seward acquired the two small pacific islands of midway. He thought these islands would serve as an important stopping place for American ships en route to China. Although there weren’t enough islands.
Hawaii was exactly what they needed. In the 1790s Americans had begun trading. In 1820 the missionaries arrived. In the 1830s, the us introduced sugarcane. They bought land to grow the sugarcane. They gradually took over most of the land. They also influenced politics, seeing as advisers to the ruling family. In 1875 the United States allowed Hawaiian sugar to enter the country without tariffs. In 1887 a naval base at pearl harbor was built. In the early 1890s, congress brought back the hawaiian sugar tariff. The planters plotted a way to avoid new tariff, and they decided they should make Hawaii a territory of the US.in 1891 the queen came to the throne. Swith he wanted hawaii to regain their economic control and took away powers that the American sugar planters held. In response, white planters overthrew her, and set up their own temporary (provisional) government in 1893..John stevens, a white man who helped in the uprising, recognized the government and sent a treaty of annexation to Washington. President Harrison signed the treaty and sent to the senate. Problem is, Harrison left office before the senate could ratify the treaty. Grover Cleveland, the new president withdrew the treaty. In 1898, congress ended up approving the treaty when William McKinley took over office. In 1900 Hawaii was officially US territory.
Samoa Islands
The Samoa islands were directly on the trade route linking Australia and the US. In the 1830s, missionaries landed and started to convert the people Christian. In 1878 Samoa agreed to give Americans trading rights and permission to build a naval station in Pago Pago. In the 1880s, Great Britain, Germany, and the U.S. were competing for Samoan power. In 1899 all three countries met in Berlin and decided to divide up the islands without consulting the Samoans. Germany and the US split Samoa, while Great Britain withdrew and took other pacific islands.. the US then annexed their half of Samoa.
China and the open door
The US knew China couldn’t resist foreign powers. By the late 1890s, Japan and the leading European Powers had carved out spheres of influence in China, sections of the country where each of the foreign nations enjoyed specials rights. Secretary of State John Hay wanted to expand American trading. Hay proposed an open door policy where each foreign nation in China could trade freely in the other nations spheres of influence.
Boxer Rebellion
In late 1899 a Chinese martial arts society known as the boxers led a violent uprising against the “foreign dwellers” in China. Many died and for 2 months many were trapped in Beijing. In august 1900, foreign troops broke the siege and defeated the boxers. After that came a second open door proposal, which stressed the importance of maintaining chinas independence. Alarmed by the rebellion, everybody accept Hay’s second open door policy.
Japan
Japan began to ignore the open door policy proposed by John hay. It’s actions led to war with Russia and US conflict. In 1900 Japan and Russia fought over manuchuria, a Chinese province. By 1905, Both countries were exhausted, and were eager to make peace.
Treaty of Portsmouth
President Roosevelt met with Japanese and Russian leaders in Portsmouth during 1905. Japan and Russia signed the treaty of Portsmouth, recognizing Joan as control of Korea, in return for a pledge by Japan to stop its expansion. A balance of power in Asia was not maintained kingly japans navy became the strongest, and challenged rhe United States for influence in the region. In 1906 Japanese kids had been put in spereate schools, although an 1894 treaty had promised Japanese living would be well. Rooseveltt forced the San friancisoc board to change its policies, and Japan consented to an agreement restricting emigration. Then Japan resented it, and the relationship worsened. In 1907 Roosevelt sent the great white fleet to show the US naval power, which highly impressed the Japanese. By 1909 most Japanese and us differences were solved.
Reasons the US helped Cuba
- Government leaders were concerned about a rebellion so close the United States.
2m Americans were horrified by the atrocities against Cuban citizens - The American press including Joseph Plutizer’s World and William Randolph Heart’s Journal, tried to outdo eachother with shocking reports. They were using yellow journalism— an over exaggerated, but still mainky true version of something.
- “Remember the maine”
“Remember the Maine”
After rioting broke out in Havana in 1898, McKinley sent the battleship Maine to protect American citizens and property. On February 15, an enormous explosion shattered the Maine, killing 260 officers and crew members. America blamed the Spanish using the slogan “remember the Maine”. Americans clamored for war with Spain. McKinkey sent a strong note demanding to stop brutality against Cubans to Spain. The Spanish agreed to some, but not enough the of the note. On April 25, at was declared.
War in the Phillipines
In Feb 1898, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt had wired Commodore George Dewey to prepare for action in the Phillipines. On May 1, a surprise attack on the Spanish Fleet in Manila Bay destroyed almost all of their ships. American troops arrived in July. Filipino Rebels led by Emilio Aguinadlo helped America capture Manila. America seized the main island of Kuzon, declared independence, and created a democratic republic. But the US took over their government.
Fighting in Cuba
A Spanish fleet entered Santiago, In the Caribbean, on May 19. An American force blockaded them, and a land force of 17000 soldiers landed near Santiago.
Puerto Rico.
American troops quickly landed in Puerto Rico. Them taking over Puerto Rico. This caused the Spanish to sign an armistice- a oeace agreement ending the war.
“A splendid little war”
John Hay had called the war a “splendid little war.” It was 4 months and 40l Americans were killed or died from wounds. More than 2000 Americans had died from from diseases. African American who sssrved faced discrimination. They had fought with whites side by side, so why can’t they now?
Puerto Rico’s new government
In 1900 the US set up a new government under the Foraker Acf, the American govt. controlled the new administration. In 1917 the Jones Act made Puerto Rico a territory of the US.
Acquiring the Phillipines
In 1890s anti-imperialists opposed rhe American enthusiasm for foreign expansion and the Spanish American war. Carl Schulz, Qandrew Carnegie, and Mark Twain became anti-imperialists. The imperialists won. In 1899 the treaty of Paris was ratified. In 1899 Emilio Aguinaldos forces began a fight for independence.de 4000 Americans died but 200,000 Filipinos died. Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and soldiers surrendered.
Dollar Diplomacy
Theirodre roosevelt thought of American power mainly in military terms. William Taft had a difffeent view. He hoped to modify American foreign policy by “substituting dollars for bulls to”. Taft was willing to intervene in other nations when US business was threatened, this led to American investments in Latin America growing in the 1900s. Railroads, roads, and harbors were built, stimulating trade and bringing benefits to Latin America and the u tied states.
Boxer Protocol
Boxers must formally apologize
De Lomé Letter
De Lome was a Spanish Ambassador to the US. His letter to the president of Spain was leaked and basically talked about how awful McKinley was as a president.
McKinley’s campaign platform
The McKinley campaign had decided upon a strategy: appeal to labor and established farmers.
“The Butcher”
the Spanish sent the infamous General Weyler, known as “The Butcher,” to Cuba to put down the insurrection. Weyler lived up to his name. To prevent the insurrectos from leading the population against Spanish rule, Weyler built concentration camps in which he imprisoned a large portion of the population.
Wilson’s moral diplomacy
Only supporting countries that have the same views as your country.
