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History 7 Semester 1 > Child Labor And Immigration > Flashcards

Child Labor And Immigration Flashcards

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1
Q

How many children under 16 were working in mines and factories by the early 1900s

A

Over 1 million

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2
Q

Why did companies want kids to work?

A

They could be paid less and used more

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3
Q

Why did parents want their children to work

A
  1. Families needed money
  2. Thought hard work would build character
  3. Believed once children knew basic English + Math they could go to work
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4
Q

Breaker Boys

A

A coal-mining worker whose job as to desperate impurities from coal

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5
Q

Newsies

A

Newspaper Carriers (boys)

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6
Q

Other jobs for boys

A

Tobacco picker, shrimp picker, oyster shuckers

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7
Q

Cigar Boys

A

Sold cigars like Newsies and became addicted because people would buy cigars and give it to them

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8
Q

1938 Fair Labor Standard Act

A

Today children under 16 have limited hours and you have to be over 18 to do dangerous contact

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9
Q

Mary Harris “Mother Jones”

A

Union leader who wanted to improve life of workers, especially children and miners
Used speeches to pay unions
Lost all of her family to yellow fever
Opened a dress shop and sympathized for poor workers,but never said anything
Lost her shop to Great Chicago Fire and joined Knights of Labor
“Most dangerous woman in America”
Jailed 7 times
Won a meeting with Rockefeller- 8hr workday + better conditions

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10
Q

Old Immigrants

A

From Northern and Western Europe
Ireland, Great Britain, Germany
1840s-1890

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11
Q

New Immigrants

A

From Southern and Eastern Europe
Italy, Poland, Hungary
Late 1800s

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12
Q

Push Factors

A

Reason people wanted to leave their countries
1- overpopulation
2- famine
3- scarcity of arable land
4- deprived of freedom of religion

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13
Q

Pull factors

A

Reasons people wanted to go to America
1- free democratic society
2- jobs
3- natural resources, arable land
4- ‘American Letters’

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14
Q

‘American Letters’

A

Letters sent to countries, usually publicly announced, talking about how great America was. Usually overexaggerated by people in America to get their family to emigrate

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15
Q

Conditions of travel for Immigrants

A

UNHEALTHY!

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16
Q

Steerage

A

Area below the ship decks where steering mechanisms were located

17
Q

Where did immigrants stay in the ships?

A

Steerage

18
Q

Ellis Island

A

“Entrance of the East” 1892
Immigrants given identification cards
“Six-second Exam”
29 question interview
Foran Act 1885
20% of immigrants failed one or either of the exams
Board of Special Inquiry
2% deported

19
Q

“Six-Second Exam”

A

Eye exam: checks for Trachoma
Main 4 marks: X for suspected mental illness, E for eyes (usually deported) (CT for Trachoma— always deported) , L for lameness, H for heart
Physical Exam

20
Q

“Do you have work waiting for you in America” Question meaning

A

People who said yes were always accused of lying or committing a crime because the Foran Act banned employees to employ foreigners before theyre imported

21
Q

Foran Act

A

1885- illegal for US employers to import foreigners as contract laborers

22
Q

Immigrant Life in America

A

Tenements
Settled in undesirable neighborhoods
Not welcomed into society
In late 1800s, government gave aid to unemployed immigrants (Benevolent Societies + Settlement houses)
Many tried to keep their customs
Tried to Americanize their kids
Americanization made them feel threatened
Experienced nativism
1894 restrictions immigration league

23
Q

Settlement houses

A

Community centers that provided shelter and services to poor immigrants

24
Q

Nativism

A

Policy of favoring US born Americans

25
Q

Benevolent societies

A

Aid organization that offered help to sick and unemployed

26
Q

Tenements

A

Poorly built, overcrowded apartment buildings

27
Q

Main tool of assimilation of child immigrants

A

Education: “Americanized them”

28
Q

Immigration from Asia

A

Most Chinese men came to work on Central Pacific Railroad and for the Gold Rush
Mainly men.. was like that in the future too
Did “stoop labor” labor others weren’t willing to do
Worked for less money
During 1870s Chinese were blamed for economic depression- called “inferior” and “unamerican”

29
Q

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

A

First time US had restricted immigration solely on race
Lasted 10 years
Prevented any Chinese in-country to become citizens
Still allowed some merchants, teachers, spouses, and few students to enter
Highly effective, very few immigrants continued to forge documents
Resulted in farm labor shortage
In 1906, Asian segregation in schools

30
Q

Angel Island

A

“Ellis Island of the West”
Thorough physical exam and very intense legal interview took days
Specific questions + witnesses called
Questions like “how many steps in your house”
If you failed the legal interview you were detained

31
Q

Italian Immigrants

A

Cared mainly about family
Came to escape poverty, overpopulation, and wanted good farming land
Pascal D’Angelo wrote poems about his poor conditions
Did unskilled work
Took up 90% of NYC public workers and 99% of Chicago street workers
Many were Birds of Passage
Helped by Padrones

32
Q

European Jewish Immigrants

A

Cared most about education
Left from Russian antisemitism and pogroms
Lived in NY lower east side
Built synagogues and shops
Packed into tenements
Worked as street vendors, cobblers, butchers, and watch makers, + 50% worked in garment factories
Tried as hard as possible to get education including lots of debt and sacrifice
Discriminated against, couldn’t be lawyers etc.

33
Q

Padrone

A

Work agents helping Italian immigrants

34
Q

Birds of passage

A

Immigrants who came to get money and then leave

35
Q

Pogroms

A

Russians hunting + attacking Jews

36
Q

Emma Lazarus

A

Wrote Statue of Liberty poem

37
Q

Cities that blew up in population

A

Boston
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Chicago

38
Q

WASP

A

White Anglo Saxon protestants

39
Q

Mexican immigrants

A

Crossed over border by foot or railway
Left from Mexican Revolution, 500,000 entered during the Revolution
We’re originally welcomed because America faced such a worker shortage
Worked everywhere but majority in agriculture
Children worked to support their family, no education
Camps were built on farms and soon they moved and formed Barrios
Whites believed Mexicans were stealing their jobs and were taught to “boss” their Mexican classmates, Mexicans faced strong prejudice

History 7 Semester 1 (11 decks)

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