Childhood Immunizations Flashcards
What is the purpose of immunizations?
to protect against infectious disease processes
most effective to create a highly immune population against a pathogenic threat
GOAL = universal vaccine (herd immunity)
Active Immunity is what?
active response within the body where antibodies form to fight an infection via VACCINES, toxoids, natural exposure
What is an example of natural exposure?
Activation of B-Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes via antigen presentation
Passive Immunity is what?
a TEMPORARY immune state created by antibodies to a person NOT immunized via immune globulins, MBM, placental transfer.
What are the two types of vaccines?
Inactivated (killed) & attenuated (live) vaccines
What is an inactivated (killed) vaccine?
- Microorganisms or their antigenic products that have been killed or
attenuated - Produce long-lasting antibody response without causing disease
- Prevents disease or disease state is milder
Killed version, not as strong of protection, may need several doses = antibody production w/ no cellular immunity result
What is an attenuated (live) vaccine?
- Produce long-lasting active immunity similar to natural exposure
- Risk of use in pregnant women and the immunocompromised
Helps the body’s immune system to recognize the foreign body better to develop a better immune response
What is a toxoid?
Bacterial toxin that has been changed to a nontoxic form
This is a endotoin turned into a vaccine for protection against certain toxins that causes disease themselves
- Re-immunization is necessary -> This is why you get your tetanus “booster” every 5-10 years b/c of the tetanus toxin
Why is it important to report a vaccine-preventable disease?
Determine whether an outbreak is occurring
- Evaluate prevention and control strategies
- Evaluate the impact of national immunization policies and
practices
Purpose of Immunization records?
National Childhood Vaccine Act of 1986 requires a permanent record of each mandated vaccination
So we do not administer the same vaccination TWICE
Why is there a mandated record for childhood vaccines?
To ensure appropriate vaccination
To avoid over-vaccination
What are adverse effects of immunization? (BROAD)
Immunocompromised children (leukemia, children with HIV, congenital immunodeficiencies, etc) are at special risk from LIVE VACCINES - BE SURE TO KNOW WHICH ARE LIVE VACCINES
Measles, mumpa, rubella virus vaccine (MMR vaccine) is what kind of vaccine?
attenuated live vaccine
Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine does what?
USDA approved this vaccine to cover against 2 strains of influenza (H3N2 and H1N1) and 2 strain of influenza B viruses.
Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine Considerations regarding Vaccine status?
Mild allergy to eggs is no longer a contraindication;
however, persons with this allergy should receive
the INACTIVATED influenza vaccine as this is the form
of the vaccine studied in this population
Adaptive Immunity - what is it? (review)
Activated once the INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE INITIATES THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
- Can remember the pathogen by quickly producing a heightened immune response
- Antigen identification
Antigens are? (review)
Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune
response when introduced to the body –> B cell production
B-Cell Lymphocytes are what? (review)
HUMORAL IMMUNITY - produced in the bone marrow (humor)
B-Cell Lymphocytes protect against what microbes/toxins? (review)
extracellular microbes and toxins
Mature B-Lymphocytes encounter what to produce an effect? (review)
Encounter antigens that compliment the surface Ig receptor and in the presence of T Cell antigen presenting cells.
What do mature B-lymphocytes differentiate into when they encounter T-cell presentation’s w/ antigens? (review)
Memory B-cells
OR
Plasma Cells
Where do PLASMA cells seep into once proliferated? (review)
They secrete their antibodies into the lymph and blood where they will do their work
What are T-lymphocytes known for?
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
What do mature T-lymphocytes differentiate into?
Helper T-cells
Regulatory T-cells
Cytotoxic cells
T-cells – Helper T-cells do what?
Regulate the immune system and release cytokines that recruit and activate other CD8+ cytotoxic cells.
Regulatory T-cells are divided into two types that are what?
CD4+ Regulatory: stimulate B cells to produce plasmas cells that produce antibodies
CD8+ Regulatory: involved in self/non-self discrimination (important with auto-immune diseases) - CYTOTOXIC CELLS
Cytotoxic T-Cells do what?
Monitor the activity of all cells in the body and destroy any threat within the body via enzymes, cytokines, pore-forming molecules or by triggering apoptosis
T-cells protect against what?
Intracellular microbes such as VIRUSES
Immunity from mother to infant is considered to be what type of immunity?
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
What immunoglobulin (ig) readily crosses the placenta during the last week of pregnancy?
IgG
What happens if IgM or IgA are detected in the cord blood?
Infection, b/c IgM or IgA are typically not present within the cord blood… only IgG.
What antibodies pass through the breastmilk?
IgG and IgA
What happens to immune cells over time?
T-Cell declines over time r/t the decrease in the thymus gland further decreasing CD4+ and CD8+ cells when stimulated by an antigen.
ALTHOUGH, B-cells may decrease in number, response stays the same.
