Childhood Disorders Flashcards
Characterized by more OUTWARD DIRECTED BEHAVIORS, such as aggressiveness, noncompliance, and overactivity, impulsiveness
*includes ADHD, conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder
Externalizing disorders
Developmental Psychopathology
Focuses on the disorders of childhood within the context of
Iife span development, enabling us to identify behavior that are considered appropriate at one stage and disturbed in another
Inward-focusing experiences and behaviors such as depression, social withdrawal and anxiety
*includes childhood anxiety and mood disorders
Internalizing disorders
- characterized by hyperactivity and difficulty in concentrating on a task
- severe and persistent manifestation of symptoms
Attention deficit / Hyperactivity disorder
Clinical description of ADHD
- when behaviors are too extreme for a particular developmental period
- difficulty controlling their activity and haphazard movements
3 Subtypes of ADHD
- Predominantly Inattentive type
- Predominantly hyperactive/impulsive
- Combined Type
Etiology of ADHD
- heritability
- environmental factors such as PRENATAL MATERNAL NICOTINE OR ALCOHOL USE
Neurobiological factors
Brain structure and function differ in children with and without ADHD, particularly in areas linked to thr neurotransmitter DOPAMINE
Prenatal and Perinatal Factors
- low birth weight
- use of substances such as tobacco and alcohol
Environmental factors (ADHD)
- additives and artificial coloring in food
- nicotine and nicotine withdrawal
Psychological factors (ADHD)
- parent-child relationships
- parent’s own history with ADHD
Treatment of ADHD
- stimulant meds
- drugs that reduce disruptive behavior and improve their ability to concentrate
- MULTIMODAL treatment (meds+behavioral treatment)
Psychological treatment of ADHD
- parent training and changes in classroom management
Conduct Disorder
- externalizing disorder
- behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and major societal norms
- frequent and severe
- more deliberate in their unruly behavior
- anxiety and depression are common
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
2 different courses of conduct problems
- life-course persistent pattern of antisocial behavior
2. adolescence limited
socio cultural factors (Conduct Disorders)
- poverty and urban living
- unemployment
- subculture that deems delinquency acceptable
Treatment for Conduct Disorder
- family interventions
- parent management training
- Multisystemic treatment
- Parents are taught to modify their responses to their children so that prosocial, rather than antisocial behavior is consistently rewarded
- positive reinforcement
Parent management training
- involves delivering intensive and comprehensive therapy services in the community
- based on the view that conduct problems are influenced by multiple factors within the family as well as between the family and other social systems
- identifies the SOCIAL CONTEXT for the conduct problems
- treatment is in “ecologically valid” settings
Multi-systemic treatment
- depressed mood, inability to experience pleasure, fatigue, concentration problems, suicidal ideation
- lower rates of early morning wakefulness. loss of appetite and weight loss
DEPRESSION
Etiology of Depression
- depressed parent = depressed child
- early adversity and negative life events
- negative interactions with partners, impaired relationships with siblings, friends, and romantic partners
- interpersonal problems
Treatment for depression
- antidepressants
- psychosocial interventions
- interpersonal therapy
- CBT
unrealistic childhood fears
Anxiety
consistent worry that some harm will befall their parents or themselves when they are away from his parents
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- social phobia
- selective mutism
Social Anxiety Disorder
Etiology of Anxiety
- overestimate the danger in many situations and underestimate their ability to cope
- anxiety created by these cognitions then interferes with social interactions, causing the child to avoid social situations
Treatment of Anxiety
- focus is on (gradual) exposure of the feared object
- CBT
- psychoeducation
Focuses on confronting fears and developing new ways to think about fears, exposure to feared situations, practice, relapse prevention
Coping Cat for children between 7 - 8
condition in which a person shows a problem in a specific area of academic, language, speech, or motor skills, that is not due to intellectual developmental disorder or deficient educational opportunities
Learning Disability
Learning Disorders
- dyslexia
2. Dyscalculia
difficulty with word recognition, reading comprehension, writing
Dyslexia
difficulty in producing or understanding numbers, quantities, or basic arithmetic
Dyscalculia
Communication Disorders
- speech sounds / phonological disorder
- childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
- correct comprehension and sufficient vocabulary use but unclear speech and improper articulation
Speech sounds / phonological disorder
- disturbance in verbal fluency that is characterized by one or more of the following speech patterns
1. frequent repetitions
2. prolongations of sounds, substituting easy words for those that are difficult to articulate
Childhood onset fluency disorder (stuttering)
Motor Disorders
- Tourette’s Disorder
2. Developmental Disorder
one or ore vocal and multiple motor tics, that start before 18 years old
Tourette’s Disorder
motor skills disorder; impairment in the development of motor coordination that is not explainable by intellectual developmental disorder or a disorder such as cerebral palsy
Developmental Coordination Disorder
Treatment of Dyslexia
- traditional linguistic approaches
- phonics instruction
- special computer games and audiotapes
Formerly known as Mental Retardation
Intellectual Development Disorder
Diagnosis and Assessment of IDD
- significantly below average intellectual functioning
- deficits in adaptive behavior
- onset prior to age 18
IEP?
- Individualized educational program
- based on the person’s strengths and weaknesses and on the amount of instruction needed
- students are identified by the classroom environment they are judged to need
- approach may lessen the stigmatizing effects of having IDD
- may also encourage a focus on what can be done to improve the student’s learning
Genetic or Chromosomal abnormalities
- trisomy 21
- fragile x syndrome
Recessive gene disease
Phenylketonuria
Infectious diseases
- rubella, encephalitis, meningococcal meningitis may cause brain damage and even death
Environmental hazards
mercury, lead, smog, exhaust
disorders all share similar clinical features and etiology, only varying in severity
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- children with ASD have more problems with social world
Social and emotional Disturbances
- interactions that require two people to pay attention to each other
Joint attention
- deficits in social communications and social interactions
- restricted, repetitive behavior patterns, interests or activities
- onset in early childhood
- symptoms limit and impair functioning
characteristics of ASD
-echolalia: echoing what he or she heard
Communication deficits
- become upset over changes in their daily routines
- obsessional quality, may pervade the behavior of children with ASD
- may also display stereotypical behavior, peculiar ritualistic hand movements, other rhythmic movements
Repetitive, Ritualistic Acts
Difference between IDD and ASD
IDD: scores poorly on ALL parts of a test
ASD: obtain better scores on items requiring visual spatial skills
TREATMENT FOR ASD
- behavioral treatment: intensive operant conditioning
- drug treatments: antipsychotic meds
