Childhood Development Flashcards
Define development
The process of physical, congitive, emotional and social growth that occurs from conception to adulthood.
Maturation of organ function, skills and ability influenced by environment and biology.
What are the age related developmental periods?
Newborn = 0 to 4 weeks
Infant - to 1yr
Toddler - to 2 yrs
Preschooler - to 5yrs
Adolescent - to 18 yrs
What are the different domains of childhood development?
Cognition - learn and problem solve
Social interaction and emotional regulation - self control and interacting with others
Speech and Language - understand and communicating
Physical - fine and gross motor
Sensory awareness - registration of information around us
What are the four domains of development for assessment?
Gross motor
Vision and fine motor
Social, emotional and behavioural
Hearing, speech and language
What are the key developmental features of a 6 week old?
Good head control
Social smile
Tracks objects/face
Startles at loud noise
What are the key features of development in a 6 month old?
Sit without support
Roll over
Palmar grasp and transfer grasp
Turns to loud noise
Babbles/ monosyllable (no/bye bye)
Puts objects to mouth
Shake rattle
Reaches for bottle/breast
What are the key developmental features of a 9 month child?
Stands holding on
Straight back sitting
Inferior prince grip
Object permanence
Responds to name
Imitates sounds
Stranger fear
Holds and bites food
What are the key developmental features of a 12 month old?
Walking (18m worry threshold)
Neat pincer grip
Understands nouns
Points to body parts
waves/clapping
Drinks from beaker with lid
What are the key developmental features of an 18m old?
Runs and jumps
Squiggles to draw
Imitates every day activities in play
What are the key developmental features of a 2yrs old?
Runs tiptoe
Walks two footed each step
Throw ball
Draw a vertical line
Understand verbs
Eats skillfully with spoon
What are the key developmental features of a 2.5yr old?
Kicks ball
Draws horizontal line
Understands prepositions
What are the key developmental features of a 3yrs old?
Hops
One foot per step up
Turn one page of a book
Cuts single with scissors
Griffiths beads
Understands negatives and adjectives
Begins to share toys
Bowel control
What are the key developmental features at 3.5 yrs?
Cuts pieces with scissors
Understands comparatives
What are the key developmental features of a 4yr old?
Walks up/down stairs like an adult
SMall beads on string
Understands complex instruction
Concerns/empathy for others
Starts imaginative play
What are the three key questions of prognosis relating to child development?
Is it global or focal
Is it delay or regression
Is it static or progressive
What are some red flags of development in infants?
No social smile by 8weeks
Poor tone - head/trunk control
Limb preference
Persistent fisting of hands
Leg scissoring - hard to change nappy
Abnormal movements
What are some red flags of development in toddlers?
Not walking or talking by 18months
Not linking words by 2yrs
What are some red flags of development in preschoolers?
No collaborative play
Language not discernable by non-family
What are some red flags of development at any age?
Regression
What investigations may be done to monitor childhood development?
Bedside - obs, Ht,wt, head circumference
Bloods - U&es, FBC, ferritin, creatinine kinase, genetic studies, metabolic causes
Imaging - CT/MRI
Other - vision/hearing screens, full neuro assessment, Denver screen, EEG
What are the age rating for each stage of brain development?
Stage 1 = o to 12 months
Stage 2 - up to 2 yrs
Stage 3 - up to 6yrs
Stage 4 - up to 8 yrs
Stage 5 up to 25yrs
What happens during stage 1 of brain development?
Rapid growth
Essential structures -> survival and physical growth
Cerebral cortex beings to form
What happens during stage 2 of brain development?
New neurons and synapse formation
Rapid
res[psobile for decision making, self-control, social behaviour
What happens during stage three of brain development?
Growth rate slows down
Existing neural connections/networks are regined
Prefrontal cortex continues to develop
Language and social skills flourish
What happens during stage four of brain development?
Pruning = weak or unused connections are eliminated
More sophisticated problem solving and decision making
What happens during stage 5 of brain development?
Maturation and stabilisation of the prefrontal cortex
Planning, organising, abstract thinking becomes fully developed.
What are the key physiological changes in infancy?
Rapid growth in weight
Develop from basic reflexes to more complex movements like crawling
Senes like vision and hearing improve significantly.
What are the key physiological changes in childhood?
Grow steadily in height and weight
Cognitive - language, memory and problem solving skills improve
Motor - fine skills become more refined
What are the key physiological changes in adolescence?
Hormones changes leads to sexual maturation and growth spurts
Prefrontal cortex develops greatly
What are the key physiological changes during adulthood?
Reached full physical maturity
Maintenance of health and managing gradual decline that comes with age.
What are the key influencers of physiological development?
Nutrition - quality and quantity
Physical health - acute or chronic
Fatigue - concentration, memory and cognition
Age - needs and capabilities
Environment conditions - temperature, noise, lighting when asked to perform tasks
Hormonal balance - regulates mood, energy levels and cognitive functions.
What are the different behavioural stages of development an =d their ages?
Sensorimotor - o to 2yrs
Preoperational - 2 to 7yrs
Concrete operational stage - 7 to 12 yrs
Former operational stage 12-18yrs
Continued development - 18+
What are the features of the sensorimotor stages of development?
Explores through senses - hearing, vision, touch
Object permanence
Stanger danger develop
Cause and effect logic
What are the features of preoperational stages of development?
Egocentric
Not logical, struggles to generalise - empirical thinking
Make-believe play and symbolism
What are the features of the concrete operational stage of cognitive development?
Logical problem solving -> conservation and inductive reasoning
Able to understand different perspectives
What are the features of the formal operational stage of cognitive development?
Adolescent can use logical operations
Abstract thinking - concepts of love and justice
Understand theories, hypothezie
