Childhood and Disability

Question 1

What is the most prevalent form of childhood disability in developed countries?

Answer 1

Neurological or cognitive ability disability

Question 2

When can autism first be dated back to?

Answer 2

The mid 20th century when many processes were connected to create it

Question 3

Who was the father of psychiatry and inventor of autism? And how did he come to the conclusion?

Answer 3

Leo Kanner (1943)

Children who were cognitively impaired or childhood schizophrenics were likely to be incarcerated in an institution

Gradually, emphasis on aloneness became less important in the diagnosis of autism

Question 4

What was autism initially understood as?

Answer 4

Autism initially understood as a childhood form of schizophrenia in which fantasy predominates over reality

Question 5

What was the post-war goal for parents?

Answer 5

Post-war, having healthy and normal children became an ethical goal, meant successful parenting

Question 6

What were parents encouraged to do to their autistic children?

Answer 6

Parents encouraged to leave children in institutions so they could devote their energies to their “normal” children

Question 7

What were some factors that made institutionalization possible?

Answer 7

through combination of factors including intensified surveillance of children, democratization of expertise, and the emergence of a new domain of ‘atypical’ children, new therapies and new commitments to the rights of the disabled

Question 8

What did the democratization on expertise allow parents to do?

Answer 8

Democratization of expertise allowed parents to challenge psychiatrists’ judgments about their children’s capacities

Question 9

How did institutions discriminate?

Answer 9

Institutions discriminated between middle-class families and working-class families and between black and white children

Middle-class expected to manage children within the child guidance clinics, working-class and black families frequently had their children removed from them against their will

Question 10

What is the theory of mind?

Answer 10

Theory of mind = ability to theorize that others have internal states that motivate their actions

Question 11

What do findings on brain injury suggest?

Answer 11

Research on brain injury suggests that brain is not an indivisible whole, but a confederation of relatively independent modules, each of which is relatively discrete and has specific functions

Question 12

The brain’s plasticity and inactive parts suggest what?

Answer 12

it’s not a straightforward matter to predict how people will behave from imaging their brains

Question 13

What does ABA stand for and what could it prove?

What does PRT stand for?

Answer 13

Applied Behaviour Analysis: proven to increase language development, can ‘cure’ autism
Pivotal Response Training :the identification of the pivot or key moments that push learning forward through the child’s own interest and engagement

Question 14

What does EIBI more likely to lead to?

Answer 14

Early intensive behavioral intervention EIBI is more likely to lead to development changes and ‘recovery’ from autism

Question 15

Were medical treatments for children with ASD higher than those without ASD?

Answer 15

High costs for treatments and regimes for children with ASD

Parents of children with ASD have higher health care and non-health costs, including additional school costs

Medical costs for children with ASD 4.1-6.2 times higher than for those without ASD

Question 16

What do ethnographic studies argue about how autism is studied?

Answer 16

Ethnographic studies at start of century challenging view that autistic people are radically different in their communicative practice to other humans-less attention to phenomena that cannot be studied at the neurobiological or molecular level, such as human experience, social interaction, and cross-cultural variation

Question 17

What does psychoanalysis presume about autism?

Answer 17

Psychoanalysis presumes that autistic behaviors are meaningful and require interpretation by psychoanalyst that’ll be accepted by the child and internalized as accurate or meaningful representations of their own feelings

Question 18

What is the Neurodiversity Movement and what do they do?

Answer 18

Neurodiversity movement = made up of autistic people and allies as a way of being in the world

→object to search for a ‘cure’ for autism on 3 grounds

→search for ‘cure’ violates disability rights slogan, ‘nothing about us, without us’

→eradicating autism is to eradicate selfhood of people with autism

→believe that search for genetic origins of autism, search for genetic markers can be identified in foetus’ to enable them to abort and eradicate autistic people from the world

Question 19

What is the social model of disability?

Answer 19

The Social Model of Disability: a perceived lack of or difference in bodily function – from disability and societal barriers, be these physical or attitudinal, which hinder the lives of disabled people

Question 20

What are the disadvantages of this model’s definition?

Answer 20

This definition suggests that disability was made an identity that’s based on politics. Impairment remains as “fact’ and attention is shifted away from body – disability is a slippery concept

Question 21

Campbell’s definition of ableism

Answer 21

A network of beliefs, processes and practices that produces a particular kind of self and body (the corporeal standard) that is projected as the perfect, species-typical and therefore essential and fully human. Disability then is cast as a diminished state of being human

Question 22

What do futurologists argue?

Answer 22

Futurologists argue that the future has been colonized, by Hollywood, corporations and big business.

Question 23

What do educational futurologists argue for?

Answer 23

Educational futurologists advocate for a shift from talking to young people only about individual futures, to instead encouraging young people to think about societal and collective futures; how the future could function otherwise

Question 24

Describe utopian thinking

Answer 24

Utopian thinking is about ‘the ideal’, futurology considers possible, probable and preferable futures. A utopia is a dream or a vision of an ideal world; it does not exist (it is ‘no place’), yet it is a place we can strive towards (a ‘good place’), the expression of the desire for a better way of being or of living

Question 25

How does Slater use ‘queer’ as a verb?

Answer 25

To queer, to make others think differently, to disrupt the status-quo. It’s an integral part of imagining otherwise with disabled young people, not only when directly considering issues around sexuality – such as in Chapter 5 – but also in order to ‘mobilize a productive positivity

Question 26

What does ethnography entail?

Answer 26

Ethnography is about a researcher immersing themselves in a culture to try capture and represent their day-to-day experiences