Child Health And vaccines

Question 1

Purpose of Screening

Answer 1

The overall purpose of screening can be seen as improving the outcome of the disease screened for

Question 2

Screening

Answer 2

These programmes are about reducing risk by initiating an intervention that will reduce the severity of the condition. (Sometimes)

Question 3

Is screening a Diagnostic Test?

Answer 3

NO

Question 4

Key Concepts behind Screening

Answer 4

Screening Programmes are offered to the whole eligible populations.
By screening for a condition: outcome is changed for the better.
Benefits of screening must outweigh potential harm

Question 5

Sensitivity

Answer 5

proportion of true positives correctly identified by the test

Question 6

Specificity

Answer 6

proportion of true negatives correctly identified by the test.

Question 7

Effectiveness of screening

Answer 7

This is determined by specificity and sensitivity of the test which must be balanced to avoid missing people (false negatives) or labelling people falsely (false positives)

Question 8

PPV

Answer 8

Positive Predictive Value is the chance a person will have the disease after a positive screening test. It is dependent on both sensitivity or specificity and the prevalence of the condition being screened for.

Question 9

Antenatal and Newborn Screening

Answer 9

These are a choice; women and families are given knowledge of the purpose and consequences of all screening tests.

Question 10

a five-day old baby having a heel prick test for phenylketonuria is an example of what type of test

Answer 10

NHS Newborn blood spot Screening

Question 11

What type of test is ?

A three year old having tympanometry and hearing test

Answer 11

Diagnostic tests

Question 12

Babies born prematurely have vaccinations according to?

Answer 12

Chronological not gestational age

Question 13

Why do babies get immunisation after 8 weeks?

Answer 13

As anytime before, the infant’s immune system will not be mature enough to enable a good response to the vaccine

Question 14

Which nutritional influences can decrease fertility?

Answer 14

Weight loss > 15% normal body weight
Negative energy balance
Obesity
Poor iron stores
Caffeine

Question 15

How much fluid a day is needed to prevent dehydration?

Answer 15

About 6-8 drinks per day (1 1/2 litres)

More will be needed during physical activity or in hot weather

Question 16

What are the side effects of iron supplements

Answer 16

Constipation

or Nausea

Question 17

Which foods are rick in folate?

Answer 17

Peas and beans
Oranges and orange juice
green leafy vegetables
Potatoes
Liver (however is not recommended during pregnancy due to high levels of retinol)

Question 18

What can low iodine cause during Pregnancy?

Answer 18

Permanent Brain Damage, mild deficiency associated with lower IQs.

Question 19

Sources of Iodine

Answer 19

Milk
Milk Products
Fish

Question 20

Which two nutrients will not be provided in sufficient quantities, even when on a healthy balanced diet, for women prior to conception and during pregnancy?

Answer 20

Folic Acid
&
Vitamin D

Question 21

Effects of Caffeine during Pregnancy

Answer 21

Increased risk of low birth weight

miscarriage

Question 22

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 22

Characterised by reduced birth weight, length. The babies have small heads with characteristic facial appearance and a variety of congenital abnormalities.