Child Development

Question 1

Operant conditioning is what?

Answer 1

This is learning through reinforcement and punishment

Question 2

Critical Period for attachment is?

Answer 2

6 MONTHS - 2 YEARS

Question 3

Piaget 4 key concepts

Answer 3

• Scheme - internal cognitive structure which
provides procedure to use in specific
circumstances
• Assimilation - process of using scheme to make
sense of event or experience
• Accommodation - changing scheme as result of
new information
• Equilibration - process of balancing assimilation &
accommodation to create schemes that fit
environment

Question 4

Piaget 4 Stages

Answer 4

Stage 1 Sensorimotor (0 – 2
years)
Stage 2 preoperational (2-6/7 years)
Stage 3 – concrete operations
(6/7 – 11/12 years)
Stage 4 – formal operations
(11/12 years + )

Question 5

Classical Conditioning

Answer 5

Learning through association of two stimuli.

This type of learning is vital for survival, and works with a range of internal and external stimuli.

Question 6

Babies can learn via

Answer 6

Conditioning
Habituation and Dishabituation
Schematic Learning

Question 7

Atypical Development can be caused by

Answer 7

Poor maternal health
Genetic Factors
Nutrition
Perinatal complications etc

Question 8

Prenatal development (Brain Development)

Answer 8

Structural formation of the brain

Question 9

Postnatal development (Brain Development)

Answer 9

Elaboration of the CNS

Question 10

There are two major processes operating during Brain development
What are they

Answer 10

Process of addition: ongoing accumulation or growth via myelination and dendritic aborisation
Process of regression: this is the initial overproduction followed by elimination of redundant elements such as/within neurons and synapses

Question 11

Prenatal effects to Brain
development
Induction (dorsal 3-4 weeks)

Answer 11

At this stage there can be a failure during closure of the spinal cord leading to spina bifida (Myelomeningocele). This arises as a result of genetic or nutritional problems. Which will result in motor & perceptual deficits.

Question 12

Prenatal effects to Brain
development
Induction (ventral) weeks 5-6

Answer 12

This is the failure to form two hemispheres; this problem often had genetic origins and is usually incompatible with life. This i known as Holoprosencephaly (HPE) prosencephalon the forebrain of the embryo fails to develop into two hemispheres.

Question 13

Prenatal effects to Brain
development
Proliferation 2-5 months

Answer 13

Within this time microencephaly can occur; where the brain doesnt develop and produces an abnormally small head. This can be caused by genetic or trauma factors like infection and foetal alcohol syndrome

Question 14

Language is developed in 5 stages

Answer 14

• Preverbal communication
• Phonological development
• Semantic development
• Syntax and grammar development
• Pragmatics development