Child Development Theory Flashcards
Emphasizes overt behavior; what people do
Behaviorism
Impact of historical, social, and cultural context
Contextual(ism)
Focuses on the thought processes; what people think
Cognitive/Interactionism
Focsues on emotions, unconscious determinants
Psychodynamic/Analytic
Known as the inherent behavior
Evolutionary Theory
These two gentleman were involved with classical conditioning expermients
Watson & Pavlov
He found a method to decondition fears by using systematic desensitization
Watson
The type of learning through repeated pairing of stimulus and response (focus on the stimulus)
classical conditioning
Focuses on how the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
Operant Conditioning
Behavior is more likely to occur after the presentation
positive reinforcement
Removing of a negative, or aversive, condition
negative reinforcement
The application of unpleasant consequences to decrease the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated
punishment
He was concerned with how the environment shapes people’s behaviors
Skinner
Individuals are greatly influenced by other people
Social Learning Theory
He believes that children and adults imitate, or model, the behavior of other people through modeling, which allows individuals to learn new behaviors
Bandura
There are 4 steps to modeling:
HINT: A.R.M.R.M
- Attention*
- Retention*
- Motor Reproduction*
- Reinforcement and Motivation*
He believed that children use different thought processes
Jean Piaget
These are cognitive guides, blueprints for processing information
schemes
Piaget stated that there are 4 stages of cognitive development in children:
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational Stage
This is the stage where the child interacts with the environment by manipulating objects
Sensori-motor
The stage where a child’s manner of thinking is dominated by perception, is capable of symbolic functioning; language dvelopment occurs; and influenced by own perception of environment
(Preconceptual: 2-4 yrs / Intuitive 4-7 yrs)
Preoperational
At this stage the child uses logic in problem solving; logical reasoning can only be applied to objects that are real or can be seen
(7-11 1/2 years)
Concrete Operations
The child can think logically about potential events or abstract ideas
(11/12+)
Formal Operations
Based on the idea that people have limited capacities for learning but can flexily apply strategies to find ways around those limitations
Information Processing
There are three stages in the Information Processing Theory:
- Environmental Stimuli (Input)*
- Sensory Register (SR)*
- Short-Term (working) Memory*
- Long-Term Memory*
Part of the Information Processing Theory where it allows people to briefly retain visual, auditory, and other information through the senses
sensory register
This is what allows for the information to be held long enough for the person to evaluate and selectively act on inputs
short-term memory
Storing of information for a long period of time
Long-term memory
This man believed that “sexual energy” is innately driven to specific errogenous zones
Freud
The five stages that Freud proposed in the Psychosexual Theory
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
A person who did not achieve full satisfaction of errogenous zones is said to develop this _____
fixation
He proposed that individuals go through a series of stages representing psychosocial crises
(represent critical periods in personality development)
Erikson
In this stage the child develops a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection
Trust vs Mistrust
Ability to do things for oneself
Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt
High and realistic sense of ambition and independence
Initiative vs Guilt
Active and satisfying involvment in activities
Industry vs Inferiority
Determination of one’s identity
Identity vs Identity Diffusion
Ability to commit to another and establish a close, loving relationship
Intimacy vs Isolation
Incorporation of the needs of others into one’s personal life
Generativity vs Stagnation
Health adjustment to aging and mortality
Integrity vs Despair
The distance between what a child can do unaided and what a child can do through interaction with skilled helpers is called _____
HINT: Vygotsky
zone of proximal development
This occurs with support of the MKO (More Knowledgeable Other)
scaffolding
Theory based on interplay between child and environments; multiple interacting systems influence development
Ecological Model
*Bronfenbrenner
Inner sphere of ecological model, represents the immediate environment and includes influences such as physical objects, structure of the environment, and roles of relationships among family members
microsystem
Middle sphere of ecological model, connections among settings including child (school, extended family)
Mesosystem
Part of the model that represents linkages among settings in which do not include the child (work, church, friends, etc.)
exosystem
Outermost sphere of the ecological model, represents societal values
Macrosystem
Theory based on the idea that complex systems form from basic and simple conditions without adhering to a master plan for development
Dynamic Systems Theory
Survival of the fittest
Charles Darwin
Imprinting
Lorenz
Attachment
Bowlby
Maturation
Gesell
There are 3 components to the Psychoanalytic Theory
- Id, Ego,* and Superego
- *Freud*
The Id, the most primal of the three is run by this principle
pleasure
This is part of your personality that helps ground you and doesn’t let your instinctive emotion take over
Ego
The Ego, operates with this principle of helping you get your desires in a socially acceptable manner
reality principle
The Ego will use another principle by finding a replacement in which matches your original desire
secondary principle
The big brother of the personalities, it is comprised of morals and standards
Superego
