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PSYC112 > Child Development L2 > Flashcards

Child Development L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cognition?

A

Cognitive development basically means intellectual growth

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2
Q

What are Cognitive processes?

A

Cognitive processes are those by which we get to know ourselves and our world

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3
Q

What are some examples of Cognitive processes?

A
  • Memory
  • Learning
  • Attention
  • Perception
  • Thought
  • Problem Solving
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4
Q

Who was the Father of cognitive development?

A

Jean Piaget (1896-1980)

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5
Q

What did Jean Piaget propose in terms of cognitive development?

A
  • By observing children he proposed a sequence of development that all normal children follow i.e. children around the same age seemed capable and struggled with the same things
  • This lead to him defining four ‘stages’ of cognitive development
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6
Q

What are the names of the four stages of cognitive development proposed by Piaget in order?

A
  1. Sensorimotor Stage
  2. Preoperational Stage
  3. Concrete Operations Stage
  4. Formal Operations Stage
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7
Q

When is roughly the Sensorimotor Stage?

A

From birth to 2 years

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8
Q

What is the basic idea of the Sensorimotor Stage?

A
  • Piaget thought children came into the world with blank slates (no knowledge)
  • He thought any cognition was closely tied to external stimulation (what others were doing in front of the child)
  • “Thinking is doing” (cognition consists entirely of behaviour)
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9
Q

What are the names of the three things children had to do in the sensorimotor stage in order to move onto the preoperational stage?

A
  • Object permanence
  • Schema Formation
  • Representational Thought
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10
Q

What is object permanence?

A

The idea that objects do not cease to exist when they

are out of sight

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11
Q

How does the idea of object permanence develop throughout the sensorimotor stage?

A

-Birth to 3 months: Look at visual stimuli, Turn head towards noise.

-3 months: Follow moving objects with eyes (tracking),
Stares at place where object has disappeared, but will not search for object

  • 5 months: Grasp and manipulate objects, Anticipate future position of object
  • 8 months: Searches for hidden object, “A not B” effect
  • 12 months: Will search in the last place they saw the object (full object permanence)
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12
Q

In regards to object permanence at 8 months the A not B effect is seen (sensorimotor stage) what does this mean?

A

Children make an error in searching as they search for the object in last place they found it not saw it

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13
Q

What is a schema?

A

A schema is a mental representation or set of rules that
defines a particular behaviour category. It helps us to understand current and future experiences.

In other words a blueprint of what generally happens

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14
Q

Name the two processes by which we form schemas?

A
  • Assimilation

- Accommodation

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15
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The process by which new information is modified to fit in with an existing schema

e.g. a rabbit is wrongly classed as a dog as the child only has a picture of a dog and cat in their schema for animals

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16
Q

What is accommodation?

A

The process by which an existing schema is modified

or changed by new experience

17
Q

What is representational thought?

A

Ability to form mental representations of others’

behaviour (conjure up an image in your head)

18
Q

When in the sensorimotor period does representational thought occur?

A

Towards the end

19
Q

Where is mental representation instrumental?

A
  • Imitation
  • Deferred imitation : a child’s ability to imitate the actions he or she has observed others perform in the past
  • Symbolic play
  • The use of words to represent objects
20
Q

What is symbolic play?

A

The use of something to represent something else e.g. a broom to represent a horse

21
Q

What happens when children start to use words to represent objects?

A

Explosion of vocab they understand the symbolic nature of language

22
Q

When does the Preoperational Stage of development occur?

A

2 to 7 years

23
Q

What does the Preoperational Stage of development involve?

A
  • Ability to think logically as well as symbolically (use reasoning, although sometimes not well thought out)
  • Rapid development of language ability
  • Counting (classification and categorization)
24
Q

In regards to object manipulation what are two things that children in the preoperational stage cannot do?

A
  • Conservation

- They are egocentric

25
Q

What is conservation?

A

The understanding that specific properties of objects (height, weight, volume, number) remain the same despite apparent changes or arrangement of those objects.

26
Q

What is egocentrism?

A

A child’s belief that others see the world in precisely the same way that he or she does

27
Q

What experiment shows the egocentrism of children in the preoperational stage

A

Use a model that depending on the angle you are sitting at you can see different things. A child in this phase cannot recognize that a person sitting on the other side will have a different perspective.

28
Q

What age is the Concrete Operations Stage?

A

7 to 12 years

29
Q

What does the Concrete Operations Stage involve?

A
  • Ability to perform logical analysis
  • Ability to empathize with the thoughts/feelings of others
  • Understanding of complex cause-effect relations
30
Q

What age is the formal operations stage?

A

-12 years upward

31
Q

What does the formal operations stage involve?

A
  • Abstract Reasoning
  • Metacognition
  • Dependent on exposure to principles of scientific thinking
32
Q

What is abstract reasoning?

A

Thinking about Hypothetical situations e.g. What would happen if?

33
Q

What is metacognition?

A

Thinking about thinking (your own thought processes). E.g. Recognizing you might forget some things
when studying for a test

34
Q

Will all stages of development happen to everyone?

A

The first three are fixed will happen either way, but formal operations stage is dependent on exposure to a certain environment.

PSYC112 (38 decks)

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