Child acquisition Flashcards
Plosives (stop consonants)
phoneme
Sounds created when airflow is blocked for a brief time
Plosives voiced examples
b d g
plosives unvoiced examples
p t k
Fricatives
phoneme
Sounds created when the airflow is only partially blocked and air moves through the mouth in a steady stream
fricatives voiced examples
v, /ð/ - thy z 3 -leisure
fricatives unvoiced examples
[θ̼] - thigh [ʃ] - ship h f s
Affricatives
phoneme
sounds created by putting plosives and fricatives together
Affricatives voiced examples
/ʤ/ - judge
Affricatives unvoiced examples
/ʧ/ - church
Nasals
phoneme
sounds produced by air moving through the nose
Nasals voiced examples
m n [ɳ]
Laterals
phoneme
sounds created by placing the tongue on the ridge of the teeth and then air moving down the side of the mouth
Laterals voiced example
L
Order of which sounds appear?
plosives first 24 months - mostly stop consonants and voiced, later unvoiced.
fricatives later - bc physical control of speech organs is needed, more delicate control of tongue and lips.
Often why children replace plosives with fricatives
Pre-verbal stages
Vegetative (0-4 months)
- babies use their vocal chords
- sounds made are instinctive and based on their feelings
- gurgling/crying
Cooing ( 4-7months)
- babies becoming used to lips and tongue
- experiment with the sounds they can make
- vocal play/comfort sounds
- Phonemic expansion
Babbling (6-12 months)
- reduplicate consonant sounds
- experiment with sounds, practice intonation,pitch, volume
- mama, gagga, goo-gi-goo
Proto-words (9-12 months)
-word like sounds
- Holophrastic/one-word (12-18mnths)
phonology- very important to convey meaning, express a full idea with one word (holophrase)
1st words usually depends on child’s cultural, social interaction, experience
- Two word stage (18-24mnths)
lexis/semantics- successfully joining words together and understand meaning
grammar- two words can be combined. syntactical, grammatical advances made- ordering words into phrases and clauses.
subject + verb (baby crying)
pragmatics/discourse- turn-taking skills develop as conversations practice, politeness strategies encouraged
- Telegraphic (24-36mnths)
lexis/semantics- more words combined, vocab develops rapidly
grammar- grammatical ability increases as words combine in correct order. functional words used e.g. auxiliary, prepositions.
inflections, suffixes to form tense, plurals conjunctions,negatives, auxiliary, determiner, interrogatives
Subject +verb +object complement (jodie want cup)
pragmatics/discourse- awareness becomes more sophisticated, children learn to interrupt other peoples speech and meanings
- Post- telegraphic (36mnths+)
Grammar- more complex utterances are created accurately.
skills refined and practiced
range of complex, grammatical combinations
Phonological errors
Deletion, Substitution, Addition, Assimilation, Constant cluster reductions, Deletion of unstressed syllables
Deletion
Phonological error
omitting the final consonant in words
do(g) cu(p)
Hard to end words with consonants