Chemistry Fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

chemistry

A

the science of matter

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1
Q

science

A

a process of summarizing information: concepts supported by experiments and observations; conclusion from a lengthy, repeating process

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2
Q

naturalism

A

philosophy: explaining events without the beliefs of supernatural intervention

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3
Q

empiricism

A

all knowledge can be explained through systematic observation

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4
Q

experiments

A

systematic experiments to obtain conclusions (emphasis: repeatedly)

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5
Q

scientific method

A

controlled experiments with systematically varied conditions

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6
Q

parsimony

A

the simplest explanation is most likely, falsibility

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7
Q

correlation

A

two variables linked by a positive or negative trend

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8
Q

causation

A

when one variable’s trends results in the other variable’s trends

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9
Q

matter

A

anything with mass or with volume

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10
Q

qualitative

A

observations described with language

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11
Q

quantitative

A

measured observations described with numbers and units

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12
Q

sigfigs

A

“signifigant figures”: #s measured with a device written with the proper degree of uncertainty, including certain digits and 1 uncertain digit at the end

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13
Q

always a sigfig

A

-from an electronic measuring device
-non 0 digits
-captive 0s

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14
Q

sometimes a sigfig

A

-trailing zeros: with a decimal place YES, without a decimal place NO

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15
Q

never a sigfig

A

-leading zeros

16
Q

scientific notation

A

a way to discuss really big/small numbers and communicate precision without obscurity (nothing in scientific notation is a sigfig)

17
Q

scientific notation rules

A

multiply & divide: answer must have same # of sfs
add & subtract: answer must have same # of decimal digits

18
Q

dimensional analysis

A

analysis of the relationships between physical quantities by identifying them and the units of measurement and tracking these dimensions as calculations

19
Q

units in operations

A

add: same
subtract: same
multiply: multiplied
divide: can cancel, or divided

20
Q

unit conversions

A

using conversion factors (reciprocal) to cancel out unwanted units to get the wanted unit

21
Q

compound units

A

units in both numerator and denominator

22
Q

powered units

A

units that include exponents (when calculating, calculate exponents with WHOLE fractions)

23
Q

unit hacking

A

using units to derive definitions

24
know the states of matter and their properties
solid, liquid, gas - definite/flow shape&vol. - vibration?
25
substances
have a chemical composition that is consistent throughout (a type of matter): consists of elements and compounds
26
elements
composed of 1 type of atom, has an atomic symbol, can not break down
27
compounds
consists of 2+ elements in a consistent ratio, can be broken down into smaller compounds or atoms
28
mixture
a physical blend of 2+ substances with varying proportions, not bonded
29
homogenous mixtures
consistent composition aka a solution
30
heterogeneous mixtures
components have distinct phases
31
extensive properties
properties that depend on the amount of material
32
intensive properties
properties that don't depend on sample size
33
chemical properties
how a substance changes/reacts to form other substances, the ability to undergo specific change