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AS and A level > Chemistry A2 Chapter 24 - Transition Elements > Flashcards

Chemistry A2 Chapter 24 - Transition Elements Flashcards

1
Q

What are the properties of the d-block elements?

A

They are all metallic with high melting and boiling points and they are shiny in appearance, conducting both electricity and heat

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2
Q

Where are the d-block elements located and what is their more common name?

A

Between group 2 and 13, they are more commonly known as transition elements

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3
Q

What is iron used for?

A

In construction and the production of tools

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4
Q

What is copper used for?

A

For electrical cables and water pipes

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5
Q

What is titanium used for?

A

The aerospace industry and it is used in medical applications such as joint replacement and in cosmetic dentistry

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6
Q

How and why do the electrons of chromium and copper fill their orbitals differently?

A

In order for them to be more stable. It is believed that a half filled 4s shell and either a full or half full 3d shell means both copper and chromium can be more stable

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7
Q

What is the definition of transition elements?

A

D-block elements that form at least one ion with a partially filled d-orbital

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8
Q

Which elements are d-block elements but not transition elements and why?

A

Scandium and Zinc
Scandium: only forms the 3+ ion by the loss of two 4s electrons and one 3d electron
Zinc: only forms the 2+ ion by the loss of its two 4s electrons

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9
Q

What characteristic properties do transition elements have that are different from other metals?

A
  • They form compounds in which the transition element has different oxidation states
  • They form coloured compounds
  • The elements and their compounds act as catalysts
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10
Q

What is the colour of potassium dichromate (VI)?

A

Bright orange

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11
Q

What is the colour of cobalt (II) chloride?

A

Pink-purple

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12
Q

What is the colour of nickel (II) sulfate?

A

Green

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13
Q

What is the colour of hydrated copper (II) sulfate?

A

Blue

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14
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself changing, and provides an alternative reaction pathway with lower activation energy

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15
Q

Give 4 examples of when transition elements are used as catalysts

A
  • Iron is used in the Haber process
  • Vanadium oxide is used in the production of sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide (the Contact process)
  • Nickel is used for the hydrogenation of vegetable fats in the manufacture of margarine
  • Magnesium oxide is used for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to form oxygen
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16
Q

What is a complex ion?

A

An ion formed when one or more molecules or negatively charged ions bond to a central metal ion

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17
Q

What is a ligand?

A

A molecule or ion that donates a pair of electrons to a central metal ion to form a coordinate bond or dative covalent bond

18
Q

What is a dative covalent/coordinate bond?

A

A bond formed when one of the bonded atoms provides both of the electrons for the shared pair

19
Q

What is a coordination number?

A

A number which indicates the number of coordinate bonds attached to the central metal ion

20
Q

What is a monodentate ligand?

A

A ligand able to donate one pair of electrons to the central metal ion

21
Q

What is a bidentate ligand?

A

A ligand that can donate two lone pairs of electrons to the central metal ion, forming two coordinate bonds

22
Q

What shape does a complex ion have if it has a coordination number of 6?

A

Octahedral

23
Q

What shape does a complex ion have if it has a coordination number of 4?

A

Tetrahedral or square planar

24
Q

What is the bond angle in a tetrahedral complex ion?

A

109.5

25
Q

Where does the square planar shape most commonly occur?

A

In complex ions of transition metals with 8 d-electrons in the highest energy d-sub-shell

26
Q

What is a stereoisomer?

A

Isomers which have the same structural formula but a different arrangement of atoms in the space

27
Q

What is the difference between cis and trans isomers of complex ions?

A

Cis: two of the same element are 90 degrees apart
Trans: two of the same element are 180 degrees apart

28
Q

What are optical isomers?

A

Non-superimposable mirror images of each other

29
Q

Where do optical isomers occur in complex ions?

A

In complex ions which are octahedral

30
Q

What is a ligand substitution reaction?

A

One in which one ligand in a complex ion is replaced by another ligand

31
Q

What is the example of ligand substitution with chloride ions?

A

Concentrated HCl can be used as a source of chloride ions. When an excess is added to a solution containing [Cu(H2O)6] 2+, the pale blue solution turns to yellow. This is due to the six water ligands have been replaced by four chloride ligands. The shape changes but chloride ligands are larger than water ligands so fewer can fit around the central metal ion, and the copper still remains 2+

32
Q

What is a precipitation reaction?

A

A reaction which occurs when two aqueous solutions containing ions react together to form an insoluble ionic solid called a precipitate

33
Q

What does it mean if the value of the redox reaction is higher?

A

The element involved is more likely to undergo reduction

34
Q

What happens when a solution of Fe3+ reacts with I- ions?

A

The orange brown Fe3+ ions are reduced to pale green Fe2+ ions. Unfortunately this change is obscured by the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine, which is a brown colour

35
Q

What is disproportionation?

A

When the same element is both oxidised and reduced in a reaction

36
Q

How do you identify transition metal ions in solution?

A

Add aqueous sodium hydroxide which will produce a precipitate

37
Q

How do you identify the carbonate anion?

A

Add dilute nitric acid and observe effervescence as carbon dioxide is evolved

38
Q

How do you identify the sulfate anion?

A

Add Ba2+ (aq) ions and observe a white precipitate of BaSO4

39
Q

How do you identify halide ions?

A

Add Ag+ (aq) and observe a white, cream or yellow precipitate dependent on if Cl-, Br-, or I- ions are present

40
Q

What is the colour of Iron with a 2+ and 3+ charge?

A

2+ is clear
3+ is yellow

41
Q

What are the colours of chromium with 6+ and 3+?

A

6+ is orange
3+ is dark green

42
Q

What is the colour change when hydrated copper sulphate is dissolved in water?

A

Clear to blue

AS and A level (30 decks)

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