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Revision 2024 > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of an atom?

A

There is a nucleus consisting of protons and neutrons, and electrons that orbit the nucleus

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2
Q

What are the relative charge and relative mass of the subatomic particles?

A

Proton +1, 1
Neutron 0, 1
Electron -1, almost 0

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3
Q

What is an atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Also equal to the number of electrons

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4
Q

What is a mass number?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

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5
Q

What is the equation that links the number of neutrons, the mass number and the atomic number?

A

Number of neutrons = mass number of- atomic number

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6
Q

how are ions formed by loss or gain of electrons?

A

An atom will either lose or gain electrons in order to become a positive ion.

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7
Q

What reaction do the alkali metals have with water?

A

Lithium: starts to fizz and sizzle, reaction to form a gas, bubbles appear, hydrogen is forming. Water + lithium —> hydrogen + lithium hydroxide

Sodium: fizzing around, leave a white trail, dissolves quickly, reacts fast, sodium melts into a ball shape. Sodium + water —> hydrogen + sodium hydroxide.

Potassium: disappears quickly. Potassium + water —> hydrogen + potassium hydroxide

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8
Q

Reaction of metals with water?

A

-Aluminium: No reaction with cold or hot water. Will react with steam to produce aluminium oxide and hydrogen.
-Copper: No reaction with cold or hot water. No reaction with steam.
- Gold: No reaction with cold or hot water. No reaction with steam.
-Iron: will rust slowly in cold water.
-Magnesium: Very slow reaction with cold water. Slow reaction with hot water. Reacts readily with steam to form magnesium oxide and hydrogen.
-Potassium: Violent reaction. Potassium floats on the surface of the water, melts and then catches fire. Burns with a lilac coloured flame.nHydrogen gas given off.
-Silver: No reaction with cold or hot water. No reaction with steam.
-Sodium: Rapid reaction. Sodium floats on water, and moves around rapidly. Heat from the reaction melts the sodium. Hydrogen gas given off.
-Zinc: No reaction with cold or hot water. Will react slowly with steam to produce zinc oxide and hydrogen.

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9
Q

Reactions of metals with acids?

A

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid = magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Zinc + sulphuric acid = zinc sulphate + hydrogen

Sodium + nitric acid = sodium nitride

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10
Q

What is the reactivity series?

A

Please - potassium
Stop - sodium
Lastingly - lithium
Calling - calcium
Me - magnesium
A - aluminium
Careless - carbon
Zebra - zinc
Instead - iron
Try - tin
Learning - lead
How - hydrogen
Copper - copper
Save - silver
Gold - gold

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11
Q

What is rusting and how can we prevent it?

A

Rusting is the interaction of iron with water and oxygen. You can prevent it by oiling and painting

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12
Q

What is the composition of the present day atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%
Argon 0.9%
Carbon Dioxide 0.04%

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13
Q

What are the uses of gases in the air?

A

Oxygen is used to remove impurities from molten iron, in smelting metal, and in medicine. Carbon dioxide is used as a refrigerant, in fire extinguishers, to inflate life rafts, and to promote plant growth. Nitrogen is used in fertilizers, dyes, and explosives. Helium and argon are used in industrial operations where no chemical reactions can take place.

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14
Q

Changes in the earths atmospheres

A

4.5 billion years ago:

WV 80
CD 10
N 3
OG 7

The earth cooled down, water vapour condensed

4 billion years ago:

WV 20
CD 60
N 19
A trace
M trace

Oxygen increased, Co2 decreased. First plants evolved

2.5 billion years ago

CD 25
O 15
N 50

Co2 decreased. More plants, more photosynthesis

200 million years ago to present day

N 78
O 21
A 0.9
CD 0.04

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15
Q

How is fractional distillation used to separate gases in the air?

A
  1. Cool the air down to -200 degrees Celsius. Carbon Dioxide is solid at -200°C so it can be easily removed.
  2. Pass the liquid into the fraction column., nitrogen has a boiling point of -196°C so it turns from liquid to gas and rises at the column and is collected at the top.
    Oxygen has a boiling point of -183°C, so it stays as a liquid at the bottom of the column and can be collected there.
    The column is cooler at the top and warm at the bottom
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16
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Non-renewable energy sources, like crude oil and coal

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17
Q

Hydrogen

A

Alternayive energy source produced from the electrolysis of water

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18
Q

Nuclear Energy

A

Power generated from nuclear reactions

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19
Q

Solar panels

A

Devices that converts sunlight into energy

20
Q

Tidal energy

A

Energy harnessed from the natural movement of tides

21
Q

Combustion of hydrogen

A

Chemical reaction producing water from hydrogen and oxygen

22
Q

ULEZ Zones

A

Areas with Ultra Low Emission Zones for vehicles

23
Q

Electroysis of water

A

Process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity

24
Q

Renewable Energy Sources

A

Sources like solar, wind, and tidal energy that can be replenished

25
Q

Hydrogen Fuel

A

Fuel derived from hydrogen, used in various applications

26
Q

Hydrogen Production

A

Generation of hydrogen through water electrolysis

27
Q

Hydrogen Storage

A

Challenges in safely storing hydrogen due to its properties

28
Q

Hydrogen Vehicles

A

Cars designed to run on hydrogen fuel instead of traditional fuels

29
Q

Hydrogen Equation

A

Chemical equation showing the production of water from hydrogen and oxygen

30
Q

Percentage of Oxygen in Air

A

Measured by phosphorus and copper experiments showing oxygen reactions

31
Q

Metal Oxides

A

Result from oxygen reacting with metals, usually insoluble and basic

32
Q

Non-metal Oxides

A

Result from oxygen reacting with non-metals, usually soluble and acidic

33
Q

Oxidation

A

Process where a substance gains oxygen, occurs above hydrogen in reactivity series

34
Q

Combustion

A

Burning process, incomplete combustion releases carbon monoxide

35
Q

Incomplete Combustion

A

Occurs with insufficient oxygen, producing carbon monoxide

36
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

Toxin binding to hemoglobin, preventing oxygen transport

37
Q

Hydrocarbons

A

Compounds of carbon and hydrogen, common fuels

38
Q

Limewater Test

A

Cloudy result indicates presence of carbon dioxide

39
Q

Anhydrous Copper Sulphate Test

A

Color change to blue indicates presence of water

40
Q

Anhydrous Cobalt Chloride Test

A

Color change to pink indicates presence of water

41
Q

Acid Rain

A

Dissolves nutrients, limescale, and causes environmental damage

42
Q

Greenhouse Effect

A

Traps heat causing climate change, leads to extreme weather events

43
Q

Fossil Fuels

A

Natural gas, coal, and oil; formed from organic matter over millions of years

44
Q

Formation of Coal

A

Dead plants buried, compressed, and turned into coal over time

45
Q

Formation of Crude Oil

A

Sea creatures compressed into crude oil over millions of years

46
Q

Main Effects of Fossil Fuels

A

Contribute to climate change, acid rain, and various health issues

47
Q

Main Consequences of Greenhouse Effect

A

Include coastal flooding, desertification, and extreme weather events

Revision 2024 (9 decks)

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