Chemistry Flashcards
Keys to remember when determining equilibrium conditions
pure solids and pure liquids are ignored, eg water!
more reactants - shift right
more product - shift left
equivalence point
point in titration where number of equivalents being added is equal to number of equivalents of species being titrated.
pH = pka at half eq point, not full eq pt
quantum number n
principal quantum number. eg 3 (3s, 3d, 3p)
quantum number l
azimuthal number - corresponds to orbital:
s = 0
intermolec bond
hydrophobic bonds, ionic, H bonds
Covalent is considered continuous, NOT intermolecular
Are liquids and solid compressible?
No, so changing the Pressure will not affect the rate of rxn
How to drive a rxn left or right?
add more of something, take something out, inc heat or dec heat
an increase in P favors what side of the equation
the side with fewer moles of gas. Remember you can’t really change the P of liq or solid
atomic radius trends
radii dec as you go left
radii inc as you go down
largest at bottom left because you have a brand new orbital started
smallest at top right, holding e very tight, really want to gain another one
What are the ideal conditions for gases?
Why?
High T - they’re have so much E, moving quickly, overcomes interactions between the gas particles
Low P - have lots of room to be ideal, they don’t bump into each other
isoelectric point
point in which a ptn has a net charge of 0
half equivalence point
when ph = pka
which has higher penetration alpha or beta parts?
beta has higher
alpha is low because they’re so big
which electrons lie closer to the nuc, e in 4s or 3d?
3d lie closer and electrons will be taken out of 4s first.
lower pka = stronger or weaker acid?
stronger acid
weaker conj base
in a battery, what happens at anode vs cathode?
anode - the material is oxidized, loses e
so equation has e on the left
cathode - the material is reduced - gains the e
so the eq has e on the right
how do you find the reducing agent?
it is the chemical that is oxidized, meaning it loses the e
it cuases another species to be reduced.
look for who is losing the e?
check the formal charges on the species
what takes place at the anode?
cathode?
RED CAT
redox at cathode (gain e)
AN OX
oxi at anode (lose e)
So e will travel from the anode to the cathode
How do you write rate law?
rate = k[(conc of reactant)^coeff][conc of react^coeff]
For the rate determining step!
Are eclipsed conformations ever favorable over staggered?
sometimes
hydrations rxn require high or low temps? acid or base?
dehydration
high temps and conc acid
low temps, dilute acid
positron
positively charged electron
type of beta emission (an expulsion of electrons)
For a compound, how can you know how many different mcules will have the same connectivity as your mcule?
2^n where n is the number of chiral centers in the compound. 2 because each chiral center can be either R or S
Eq with enthalpy, entropy and Gibbs free E?
G = H-TS
pay attention to plus and minus signs here. this will determine is G is pos or neg
