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Bio Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Where is electron transport chain?

A

inner membrane of mitochondria

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2
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

have thick wall, iodine stain can’t leak out, but no outer membrane, allows it to get in in first place

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3
Q

micelle

A

formed of one lipid layer, not 2
when formed overall decrease in Gibbs free E
driven by hydrophobic effect
will spontaneously form in aq

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4
Q

glycosylation

A

post tL modification to ptns

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5
Q

Ptn modifications after tL

A

glycosylation, sulfation, phosph

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6
Q

transduction

A

transfer of bact DNA via viral vector

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7
Q

malate is product in what?

A

Krebs Cycle

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8
Q

Anabolic process

A

Use of biosynthesis of complex orgs from simpler mcules

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9
Q

glucose catabolism

what are the main steps?

A
  1. Glycolysis - oxidation of glucose
  2. Either fermentation (no O2)
    OR
    Cellular resp.
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10
Q

Glycolysis
Equation
notes
where does it occur?

A

Gluc + 2ADP + 2P +NAD+ –> 2 Pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H + 2H2O
Net Atp made: 2
Nadh will go on to make more atp
occurs in cyto

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11
Q

pyruvate kinase

defficiency?

A

final enzyme to create pyruvate in glycolysis.
Deficiency leads to anemia…RBC don’t have mitochondria so they rely on glyc for atp completely. No kinase? no atp, funny shape, destroyed by spleen

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12
Q

fermentation
when does this happen?
reaction?
notes

A

happens after glycolysis when no O present
Now you have nadh, need to regenerate nad+ somehow to keep glyc going
reduce pyruvate into lactic acid or ethanol
1. Alcohol ferm - Pyruvate reduced by NADH, so you get nad, and glyc goes on
2. lactic acid - pyruvate reduced by nadh, you get nad and lactic acid. Glyc goes on

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13
Q

what happens in muscle cells during workout

A

lactic acid build up , ph lowers

when you get O2, it oxidizes lactic acid into pyruvate

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14
Q 
Cell respiration
when does it happen?
where?
How many atp prod?
what are the 3 stages?
A 
happens after glycolysis when O2 is present
36-38 atp
mitochondria
1. Pyruvate decarboxy
2. citric acid cycle aka krebs
3. e transport chain
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15
Q

pyruvate decarboxy

A 
1st step of cell resp
pyruvate enters mito matrix
get decarboxy, ie loses co2
remaining makes coenzymeA
pyruvate + CoenzymeA --> Acetyl CoA
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16
Q

Citric Acid Cycle aka Krebs

A

Acetylo COA combines with oxaloacetate –> citrate
co2 released
1 atp
e are transferred to nad and fad which carry e to e transport chain

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17
Q

e transport chain
where?
what? e?

A

inner mito membrane
nadh and fadh2 show up with lots of es.
These are high potential e!
e are transferred via carrier mcules and E is released
cytochrome c - last e carrier, gives e to o2
O picks up H too, making water
proton pump - ETC pumps H into intermembrane space, gradient established, inner now pos charged.
Pumps push H back into inner membrane called ATP synthetases
E released, ADP phosph to ATP

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18
Q

What are the 3 e carriers in etc?

A

ubiquinone or bc-1, nadh dehydrogenase, cytochrome c

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19
Q

which is the last e carrier in etc? give e to what?

A

cytochrome c gives e to O2

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20
Q

What if there is no O for etc?

A

etc gets backlogged with e.

nad can’t be regnerated to nadh, glyc stops unless lactic acid ferm occurs

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21
Q

cyanide poisoning

A

blocks e transfer from cyto c to O

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22
Q

How many atp made from etc?

A

1 for each passing in etc, so 3. E is lost, that’s what makes the atp

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23
Q

what happens to the H ions when e get transferred?

A

they accumulate in mito matrix

etc pumps H across inner mito membrane into intermembrane space

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24
Q

protonmotive force

A

pumps H out of intermembrane space into inner membrane via ATP synthetases. E is released, ATP produced

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25
Q

citric acid aka krebs equation

A

1 acetylcoA + 6NAD +2fad+2gdp+2P+4h20 –> 4CO2+6nadh+2fadh2+2atp+4H+2CoA

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26
Q

O2 in etc

A

final e acceptor. Also picks up H making water

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27
Q

what does decarboxylation mean?

A

to lose co2

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28
Q

in what orgs does lactic acid take place?

A

fungi, bact, humans in exercise

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29
Q

what orgs does alcohol ferm take place?

A

yeast and some bact

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30
Q

Glyc net rxn

A

gluc+2adp+2p+2nad –> 2 pyruvate +2atp+2nadh+2H+2h20

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31
Q

where does pyruvate go in aerobic conditions?

A

cell respiration in mito

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32
Q

where does pyruvate go in anaerobic?

A

fermentation

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33
Q

pyruvate decarboxy equation

A

pyruvate + CoenzymeA –> AcetylCoA + nad

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34
Q

What are the 3 major alternate E sources?

A
  1. Carbs
  2. Fats
  3. Ptns
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35
Q

Alternate E - Carbs

A

disaccs into monosaccs

converted into gluc or glycolytic intermediate

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36
Q

Where are fats stored?

A

adipose tissue as triglyceride

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37
Q

process of using fats

A

triglyceride converted to fatty acid and glycerol via lipases
carried to tissue via blood
glycerol converted to PGAL
fatty acid gets activated in cyto, taken into mito
becomes acetylcoA –>Krebs

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38
Q

how long can fat last a human?

A

month

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39
Q

how long can glycogen aka carbs last a human?

A

a day

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40
Q

what alternate E source yields most ATP?

A

fats

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41
Q

Alternate E - Ptn

A

body will only use aa when desperate
C atoms of aa converted into acetylcoA, pyruvate or Kreb intermediate
enter respective paths

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42
Q

transamination

A

aa lose amino group to form keto acid in breakdown when starving

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43
Q

ATP structure

A

nitro base adenine, sugar ribose, 3 weakly linked P groups

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44
Q

where is E in Atp stored?

A

in covalent bonds that attach P groups

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45
Q

Atp hydrolysis

A

atp loses a P, releases E

46
Q

autotroph

A

makes gluc via breaking of co bonds and OH bonds in co2 and h20
plants, can convert sunlight into E

47
Q

Where is E stored in autotrophs?

A

in organic compounds like gluc via photosynth

48
Q

heterotrophic

A

obtain E catabolically, must break down nuts

49
Q

autotroph equation

A

6co2+6h20+E –> c2h1206 +6co2

50
Q

heterotrhophic eq

A

c2h1206 + 6c02–> 6 co2 +6h20+E

51
Q

zymogen

eg?

A

enzyme in inactive form

pepsinogen, trypsinogen

52
Q

allosteric enzyme

A

enzyme has 2 or more active sites

53
Q

albumin

A

osmoregulator in blood

54
Q

taxonomic levels from least to most related:

A 
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
55
Q

calcitonin

A

puts ca into the bone, inhib release of Ca into blood.
released from thyroid
CalciTONin TONES down blood ca levels

56
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

takes calcium out of bone

inc blood ca levels

57
Q

do bact have cell wall?
plasma membrane?
nuc membrane?

A

yes
yes
no

58
Q

where does tx of dna into rna take place?

A

nucleus

59
Q

bacteriostatic

A

stops growth of but does not kill bact

60
Q

oxidoreductase

A

catalyze rxn involving e transfer

big in targeting free radicals

61
Q

hydrolase

A

enzyme catalyzes rxn by adding water

62
Q

synthases

A

catalyze synthesis rxns

63
Q

isomerase

A

produces isomers

64
Q

where are mito ptns made?

A

some are made by free ribos in the cytoplasm

the rest are made in mito matrix, because remember mito has its own ribos too!

65
Q

suicide inhibitor

A

inhib that binds to active site and irreversible changed conformation of enzyme

66
Q

collapsed fetal lungs

A

fetal lungs are collapsed until birth. They are filled with mucus/fetal lung liquid.

67
Q

phago white blood cells

A

engulf bact in circ system
2nd line of defense
if that doesn’t work - 3rd line aka antibodies come into play

68
Q

phylum chordata

A

vertebrates

69
Q

important factors in blood clotting

A

platelets, thrombin, ca ions, fibrin

70
Q

how are amino acids joined to make ptns?

A

dehydration synthesis

is the removal of water

71
Q

parietal cells

A

in the stomach, produce HCl to keep stomach acidic

72
Q

why does the stomach need to be so acidic?

A

to denature ptns and degrade food.

also to fight bact I think, maybe that’s just an added bonus

73
Q

hyperventilation

A

increases the output of CO2, decreases blood co2, increases ph

74
Q

chaperone ptns facilitate what binding in ptns?

A

teritiary

75
Q

DNA polymerase

which phase of cell cycle is it used in?

A

used in DNA rep, S phase!

76
Q

zona pellucida

A

layer outside of the egg that the sperm must penetrate

77
Q

receptor antagonist

A

a ligand that binds a receptor and stops another ligand from binidng

78
Q

immunoglobulins a part of the innate or adaptive immune system?

complement?

A

adaptive, involved in allergen recognition

complement is innate, a biochem cascade that clears pathogens

79
Q

gluconogenesis

A

the reverse of glycolysis. It’s the formation fo glucose from pyruvate

80
Q

fungal spore

A

unicellular body that grows into a new fungus

81
Q 
Bile salts
where are the made?
where are they stored?
what are they synthesized from?
what's their main job?
A

made in liver
stored in galbladder
produced from cholesterol and derivs
job is to emulsify fats for fat digestion

82
Q

tendons

A

connect muscle to bone

83
Q

ligaments

A

connect bone to bone

84
Q

axial skeleton

A

includes cranium and vertebrae

85
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

includes arms and leg bones

86
Q

ectoderm gives rise to…

A

skin,nervouus tissue

87
Q

mesoderm gives rise to…

A

excretory, heart and musculoskeletal

88
Q

endoderm gives rise to…

A

internal organs

89
Q

what causes gram pos bact to stain? what do gram pos have that neg don’t?

A

thick peptidoglycan layer/coat

90
Q

viruses are in what size range?

A

20-500 nanometers

91
Q

prereq for plasmid conjugation?

A

physical contact!

sex pilus

92
Q

what connects kidney to bladder?

A

ureter

93
Q

where is gastrin produced?

A

stomach, duodenum and pancreas

94
Q

what does the liver do?

A 
regulate blood glucose levels
produces urea
converts excess glucose to glycogen and vice versa
processes nitro waste
aa deamination 
detox
destroy old erythros
BILE
makes blood ptns
antigen defense
fatty acids to ketones
fats, aa, carb interconversions
95
Q

what does the pancreas do?

A

endocrine and exocrine
cells secrete digestive enzymes into small i (exocrine)
endocrine - islets of langerhans make glucagon, insulin and somatostatin - these all aid in glucose regulation, conversion and synth

96
Q

what does the gallbladder do?

A

stores bile until its released into the si

97
Q

what provides shape and structure to nuc?

A

intermediate filaments

98
Q

what gives the cell mechanical support?

A

intermediate fils

99
Q

what is responsible for setting cell size limit?

A

surface area to cytoplasm ratio

100
Q

can you write a rate law for a multistep rxn with only one eq?

A

no! you do not know which one is the rate determining step

101
Q

hardy-weinberg equations

A

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1

p+q = 1

102
Q

are fungi auto or heterotrophs?

A

hetero

103
Q

bacteria have what kind of Dna?

A

circular

104
Q

what is a nonsense mutation?

A

it is a result of a pt, insertion or deletion mutation which causes nonsense as a result. It is not a mutation in itself

105
Q

What is the H band? does it change in contraction?

A

the area of only thick fils, this does change in contraction

106
Q

What is the A band?

A

spands the whole length of the thick fils (includes thin too)
this does not change in contraction, because thick fils don’t actually change themselves

107
Q

What is the I abdn?

A

thin fils only, does change to basically 0 in contract

108
Q

what is the z line?

A

defines the boundaries of the individual sarcomeres, also anchors the thin fils

109
Q

what is the M line?

A

runs down the middle of the sarc, thing Middle

110
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

2 unrelated species acquiring similar traits over time

111
Q

in noncompetitive inhib, can the substrate still bind to the enzyme?

A

yes, it can still bind. Both the substrate and the inhib can bind to the enzyme, the sub just won’t be able to make the enzyme do its job

MCAT (14 decks)

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