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Psychopharmacology > Chemical signalling > Flashcards

Chemical signalling Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when action potentials reach terminal bouton?

A

Open Ca2+ channels

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2
Q

What happens when Ca2+ channels open?

A

SNARE proteins activated; they cause docking of vesicles

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3
Q

What happens when vesicles dock?

A

Proteins cause tension in vesicular membrane; active system!

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4
Q

What ion (generally) does GABA affect?

A

Chloride

Comes into the cell and creates a negative charge

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5
Q

What are other names for direct-gated receptors?

A

fast-acting, ionotropic

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6
Q

What does a direct-gated receptor look like in terms of mechanism of action?

A

Neurotransmitter binds to transmembrane protein

Transmembrane protein opens, lets ions flow through

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7
Q

Do ionotropic or metabotropic receptors have a larger amplitude?

A

Metabotropic

Ionotropic only let ions flow through where they’re active; metabotropic causes large changes in the cell through second messengers

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8
Q

Which group of transmitters are generally associated with EPSPs/IPSPs (ionotropic)?

A

GABA, glutamate, acytylcholine

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9
Q

What is the ‘quanta’ of a transmitter?

A

The amount of transmitter within each vesicle

doesn’t vary wildly (e.g. 100 +- 5)

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10
Q

Hodgkin and huxley?

A

squid giant axons!

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11
Q

What are autoreceptors?

A

Receptors sensitive to transmitters.

Lets presynaptic cell know how much neurotransmitter is in the synapse

Found in the edges of synapses

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12
Q

If an agonist binds to an autoreceptor, what is the net effect?

A

antagonism: there’s ‘too much’ agonist in the synapse, so autoreceptor makes less get released

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13
Q

If a drug blocks an autoreceptor for agonists, what is the net effect?

A

Agonism.

Autoreceptor can’t send negative feedback to the presynaptic neuron when there’s too much agonist neurotransmitter in the synapse

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14
Q

What are the two major families of neurotransmitters?

A

Small molecule

Neuropeptide

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15
Q

What are the four families of small-molecule transmitters?

A

Acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, soluble gases

Synthesized in terminal or cell body (simple)

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16
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

From choline by CHAT (choline acetyltransferase)

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17
Q

What are the main receptor types for acetylcholine?

A

Nicotinic (direct gating/ionotropic) > EPSPs

Muscarinic (indirect gating/metabotropic)

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18
Q

What kind of Ach receptors would you see in the neuromuscular junction?

A

Only nicotinic

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19
Q

What kinds of second messenger effects could you see from muscarinic receptors?

A

inhibition of cyclic AMP formation

Gets vague after that

20
Q

What’s the synthetic pathway for the catecholamines?

A

Tyrosine >(tyrosine hydroxylase) > L-dopa >(dopa decarboxylase) > dopamine >(dopamine B-hydroxylase) > norepenephrine >(PNMT)> epinephrine

21
Q

What neurotransmitters make up the monoamines?

A

Dopamine, norepenephrine, epinephrine (EPI) (all catecholamines)

Serotonin (indoleamine)

22
Q

What kind of gating do the monamines have?

A

Indirect gating (metabotropic), all of them

23
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter is serotonin?

A

an indoleamine

24
Q

What neurotransmitters make up the amino acids?

A

Glutamate, GABA

25
Q

What receptor type do the amino acids act on?

A

Both Indirect-gated (metabotropic) and direct-gated (ionotropic)

26
Q

How are the amino acids inactivated?

A

Reuptake into neurons/glia

27
Q

How is Ach broken down?

A

Only extracellularly, choline is taken back up

28
Q

How many peptide neurotransmitters are there?

A

130+

29
Q

How many peptide neurotransmitters use reuptake?

A

None.. they’re too big to bring back into the presynaptic neuron!

Means it’s really easy to get depleted

30
Q

How hard is it for serotonin to get depleted?

A

REAL hard

31
Q

What is the name of the thing a drug preventing storage of NT in vesicles would reduce?

A

quantal size

32
Q

Is agonist/antagonist mean excitatory/inhibitory?

A

NO!! Depends on what is being antagonized/agonized

33
Q

When might a peptide transmitter be released? What needs to be happening action potential-wise?

A

Peptides require more Ca2+ entry

Released when a neuron burst-fires, but not at low frequency

34
Q

Neuromodulator

A

Chemicals without direct effect on postsynaptic cell - might e.g alter action of a standard neurotransmitter by changing its effectiveness

35
Q

Active zone

A

Area on membrane neurotransmitter is released

Vesicles are primed and ready at active zones

36
Q

Will neurotransmitters always be released if an action potential fires?

A

NO! Sometimes Ca2+ gets to terminal and nothing happens

37
Q

Two different types of autoreceptors

A

Terminal autoreceptor - on axon terminals, inhibit further ntransmitter release

Somatodendritic autoreceptor - on cell body / dendrites, cause cell firing rate to slow

38
Q

What’s different about autoreceptors / hetero?

A

Heteroreceptors: axoaxonic terminals, for receiving neurotransmitter from another neuron

39
Q

What neurotransmitter is enzymatic breakdown important for?

A

Ach

40
Q

What are transporters?

What neurotransmitters are relevent re: them?

A

Transport neurotransmitter back into cell membrane

Glutamate, GABA, monoamines

41
Q

What drugs work by blocking neurotransmitter transporters?

A

Cocaine (blocks DA, 5-HT, NE)

Many antidepressants

42
Q

When are ionotropic receptor subunits assembled?

A

Before insertion in the cell membrane

43
Q

How many transmembrane domains do metabotropic receptors have?

A

7 (‘7-TM receptors’)

44
Q

Metabotropic receptors for which neurotransmitters work by opening K+ channels for hyperpolarization?

A

Ach, DA, NE, 5-HT, GABA, neuropeptides (e.g endorphins)

45
Q

What do effector enzymes do?

A

Make second-messengers do shit after being activated by a g-protein

Psychopharmacology (12 decks)

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