Chemical Equations Flashcards
How should symbols be written in formulas?
Write as is in the Periodic Table. If an ion is present, add the charge.
How are covalent compounds written?
Write as is given and check for any prefixes.
Example:
Carbon monoxide = CO
Dinitrogen pentoxide = N₂O₅
How to write ionic compounds?
- Write the symbols of each of the elements.
- Write the valences of each element above the equation.
- Simplify where possible.
What is the valency of ammonium?
+1 (NH₄⁺)
What are examples of radicals with a valency of -1?
- Nitrate (NO₃⁻)
- Nitrite (NO₂⁻)
- Hydroxide (OH⁻)
What are examples of radicals with a valency of -2?
- Sulphite (SO₃²⁻)
- Sulphate (SO₄²⁻)
- Carbonate (CO₃²⁻)
What are word equations?
Equations that use only words, not symbols.
Example: Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
How to write chemical equations?
- Write full formulas for all reactants and products.
- Balance the equation so all reactants = all products.
Example:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
What are the solubility rules for liquids?
Only water, bromine, and mercury are liquids at room temperature and pressure (rtp).
What are the solubility rules for gases?
Only O₂
N₂ H₂
Cl₂ F₂
CO CO₂
SO₂ NO₂
NH₃
are gases
What are the solubility rules for solids?
All other elements not mentioned as liquids or gases.
What are the solubility rules for aqueous solutions?
- All group 1, ammonium, and nitrate compounds are aqueous. All acids are aqueous.
- All sulfate and sulfite compounds are aqueous except: Silver (Ag), Calcium (Ca), Barium (Ba), Lead (Pb).
- All halide (Group 7) compounds are aqueous except: Silver (Ag), Lead (Pb).
- All silver compounds are solid except Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃, aqueous).
- All metal oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates are solid except if they contain group 1 metals or ammonium.
