Acids and Bases Flashcards
What do all acids contain when dissolved in water?
All acids contain the H⁺ ion (proton donor) when released in water (aqueous).
What are the characteristics of strong acids?
- Completely ionized in water.
- Large number of H⁺ ions released when added to water.
- pH = 0-3.
What are the characteristics of weak acids?
- Incompletely ionized in water.
- Low number of H⁺ ions released when added to water.
- pH = 4-6.
What is the difference between dilute and concentrated acids?
- Dilute acid: Acid with a lot of water added.
- Concentrated acid: Acid with little or no water added.
Which acids are generally weak?
All acids are strong except those with carbon (C) or sulfite (SO₃²⁻).
What do all bases and alkalis contain when dissolved in water?
All bases and alkalis contain the OH⁻ ion (proton acceptor) when released in water.
What is the difference between bases and alkalis?
- Alkalis are soluble bases (e.g., Group 1 oxides, hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide).
- Bases can be insoluble or soluble in water.
What are the characteristics of strong bases?
- Contain Group 1 metals.
- pH = 11-13.
What are the characteristics of weak bases?
- Do not contain Group 1 metals.
- pH = 8-11.
What happens in a neutralization reaction?
Acid + Base → Salt + Water (Neutralization).
This reaction involves a proton donor (acid) and a proton acceptor (base) to produce water.
What is produced when an acid reacts with a carbonate?
Acid + Carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide.
What is the definition of pH?
pH is the measure of the number of H⁺ or OH⁻ ions given by one molecule of a substance.
What are indicators, and how do they work?
Indicators change color based on the pH of the solution.
- Litmus solution: Red in acid, purple in neutral, blue in base.
- Phenolphthalein: Colorless in acid, pink in base.
- Methyl orange: Red in acid, orange in neutral, yellow in base.
- Universal indicator: Dark red in strong acid, green in neutral, purple in strong base.
How is a soluble salt prepared using titration?
Only for Group 1 metal and ammonium compounds.
1. Use a pipette to measure exact volumes and a burette for accurate variable volumes.
2. Mix the acid and base, and crystallize the solution to obtain dry crystals.
3. Example: Prepare NaCl crystals from NaOH and HCl.
* Titrate HCl into NaOH until the indicator changes color.
* Crystallize the solution to obtain NaCl.
What is the difference between titration and dissolving when preparing salts?
- Titration: Used for Group 1 metal and ammonium salts.
- Dissolving: Used for making salts that do not contain Group 1 metals or ammonium; add solid base until the acid is used up, then filter to remove excess base.
How is an insoluble salt prepared using precipitation?
- Add two aqueous solutions to a beaker.
- Stir until a solid forms.
- Filter to obtain the solid as residue.
- Wash with distilled water.
- Leave to dry in a warm place.
