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anatomy and physiology 1 > chemical biology > Flashcards

chemical biology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 elements that make up biological molceules?

A

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

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2
Q

what is the atoms in carbonhydrate

A

c h o atoms

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3
Q

what are the different carbonhydrates (3)

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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4
Q

example of monosaccharides (2)

A

glucose and fructose

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5
Q

example of disaccharides (3)

A

maltose sucrose and lactose

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6
Q

examples of polysaccharides(2)

A

glycogen and starch

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7
Q

what is glucose used to produce?

A

ATP

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8
Q

what is glycogen?

A

glucose storage molecule

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9
Q

What role do glycoproteins have on cells?

A

Can act as signalling proteins on
cells

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10
Q

does aerobic respiration have oxygen?

A

yes

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11
Q

where does aerobic respiration take place

A

mitochondria

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12
Q

where does anaerobic respiration happens?

A

cytoplasm

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13
Q

does anaerobic respiration have oxgygen?

A

no

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14
Q

equation of anaerobic respiration?

A

glucose - ATP + lactase

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15
Q

how much ATP does anaerobic respiration produce?

A

1/18th

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16
Q

What is the role of ATP in cells, and how is it recharged?

A

ATP is an energy supply. It can be used up and then recharged in the mitochondria.

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17
Q

what do amino acids contain

A

2 carbon, 3hydrogen, 2 oxygen and 1 nitrogen

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18
Q

how many different amino acids are there?

A

21

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19
Q

what is the R group?

A

side group which differs

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20
Q

how many different proteins are in the human body?

A

25,000

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21
Q

primary protein structure

A

chain of amino acids

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22
Q

secondary protein structure is bonded by?

A

hydrogen

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23
Q

what does the hydrogen bond do to the amino acids?

A

amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern

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24
Q

tertiary protien structure

A

3 dimensional fold

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25
Q

why do tertiary protiens fold into 3 dimensional folds

A

due to side chain interactions

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26
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

more than one amino acid chain

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27
Q

what is the range on the pH scale?

A

0-14

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28
Q

what is the pH scale based on?

A

concencentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

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29
Q

Acidic pH?

A

less than 7

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30
Q

What does acidic pH mean?

A

more hydrogen ions.

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31
Q

Neutral pH

A

7

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32
Q

Alkaline (base) pH?

A

more than 7

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33
Q

what does alkaline pH represent?

A

less hydrogen ions

34
Q

what do acids consist of ?

A

molecules that give up hydrgoen ions in solution

35
Q

what do alkaline consist of?

A

molecules that accept hydrogen ions.

36
Q

example of an acid

A

hydrochloric acid

37
Q

example of alkaline

A

ammonia , bicarbonate

38
Q

pH of stomach?

A

pH 2

39
Q

how are excess H+ ions and OH- ions removed and why?

A

buffers to keep the pH stable

40
Q

what does bicarbonate buffer system do?

A

blood acidic, takes up hydrogen ions

41
Q

what does phosphate buffer system do?

A

accepts and donates hydogen ions.

42
Q

where do phosphate buffer system work in?

A

inside cells and kidney

43
Q

what does protien buffer system do?

A

bind or release H+

44
Q

where do protiens buffer system work in?

A

haemoglobin

45
Q

what does ammonia buffer system do ?

A

picks up hydrogen to form ammonium and gets rid of excess acid.

46
Q

where does ammonia buffer system take place in?

A

kidney

47
Q

What do the lungs excrete to regulate blood pH?

A

lungs excrete carbon dioxide (CO2).

48
Q

What happens if CO2 combines with water in the body?

A

forms a weak acid called carbonic acid.

49
Q

How does faster breathing affect CO2 levels?

A

Faster breathing removes CO2 more quickly.

50
Q

How does the renal system help regulate blood pH?

A

By excreting hydrogen ions (H+) and conserving bicarbonate.

51
Q

How long does it take for the renal system to affect blood pH?

A

Hours to days.

52
Q

How does temperature affect enzyme activity up to 40°C?

A

Enzymes work faster as the temperature increases up to 40°C.

53
Q

What happens to enzymes at temperatures higher than 40°C?

A

Enzymes become denatured at higher temperatures.

54
Q

Why do enzymes stop working after 40°C?

A

The shape of the enzyme’s active site is lost after 40°C.

55
Q

At what pH do enzymes work best?

A

Enzymes work best at their optimum pH.

56
Q

How do changes in pH affect enzymes?

A

Changes in pH alter the chemical bonds in the active site.

57
Q

What happens when the chemical bonds in the active site are altered?

A

The shape of the active site changes.

58
Q

What is an ion?

A

atom or molecule with a net positive (+) or negative (-) electrical charge.

59
Q

Where do ions in the body come from?

A

From electrolytes in our diet that dissolve into their ionic form.

60
Q

What does NaCl (common salt) dissolve into in body fluids?

A

Na+ (sodium ion) and Cl- (chloride ion).

61
Q

What are positively charged ions called?

A

Cations.

62
Q

What are negatively charged ions called?

A

anions

63
Q

Which ion is kept at high concentrations inside the cell (intracellular)?

A

Potassium (K+).

64
Q

Which ion is kept at high concentrations outside the cell?

A

Sodium (Na+).

65
Q

Why are ion concentration gradients important?

A

help carry out important activities like neuron impulses in the nervous system.

66
Q

What does sodium (Na+) affect in the body?

A

Sodium affects serum osmolality (extracellular fluid volume) and is needed by nerve and muscle cells.

67
Q

What does the bicarbonate ion (HCO3-) do?

A

acts as a buffer to neutralize excess acids or bases, keeping blood pH in the range of 7.35–7.45.

68
Q

What is the role of chloride (Cl-) in the body?

A

maintain osmotic pressure and is used to make hydrochloric acid in the stomach.

69
Q

What are the functions of calcium (Ca2+)? (3)

A

for muscle contraction, nerve signalling, and blood clotting.

70
Q

What are the functions of potassium (K+)?(3)

A

for nerve impulses, muscle contraction, and maintaining cell volume.

71
Q

What do phosphate-based ions help with?

A

forming ATP and buffering pH.

72
Q

What is the role of magnesium in the body? (2)

A

enzyme functions and muscle contraction.

73
Q

What is H+ also known as?

A

A proton.

74
Q

What does the concentration of H+ determine?

A

pH level.

75
Q

Where is bicarbonate (HCO3-) mainly found?

A

extracellular fluid.

76
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

A

acts as a buffer to keep pH around neutral (pH 7) for most cell reactions.

77
Q

How does bicarbonate (HCO3-) maintain pH?

A

By binding excess H+ ions formed in cellular reactions.

78
Q

What happens when cells die (e.g., from trauma or chemotherapy)?

A

contents spill into the extracellular compartment.

79
Q

How does the release of cell contents affect the body?

A

upsets the electrolyte balance.

80
Q

Why is it important to keep ion concentrations stable inside and outside the cell?

A

To maintain an isotonic environment.

81
Q

How does water move across cell membranes?

A

by osmosis to an area of lower water concentration.

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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