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anatomy and physiology 1 > tissues > Flashcards

tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are tissues?

A

group of cells that have a similar structure and act togther to preform a specific function

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2
Q

what is an organ?

A

structure that is made of 2 different types of tissue

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3
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues ?

A

epithelial, connective muscle and nervous

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4
Q

describe epithelial tissue (3)

A

Covers surfaces of organs
lines internal cavities
Forms glands

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5
Q

what are the two types of epithelal

A

covering lining epithelium
glandular epithelium

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6
Q

what is the role of epithelilal? (2)

A

boundaries aka seperates and protects from different enviroments

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7
Q

function of epithelal (6)

A

protects
absorption
filtration
excretion
secretion
sensory reception

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8
Q

location of simple squamous epithelium (4)

A

air sacs of lungs
lining of heart
blood vessels
lymphatic blood vessels

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9
Q

function of simple squamous epithelium (3)

A

allows material to pass thru by diffusion
filtration and secretes lubracting substances.

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10
Q

location of simple cubodial epithelium (4)

A

in ducts
secretory portions of small glands
in kidney tubules

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11
Q

function of simple cuboidal epithelulum (2)

A

secretes and absorbs

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12
Q

simple columnar epithelium location? (4)

A

cilated tissues in bronchi
urine in tubes
uterus
smooth noncillated tissues are in the digestive tract bladder

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13
Q

function of simple columnar epithelium (2)

A

absorbs
secretes mucous and enzymes

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14
Q

location of pseudostratified columar epithelium

A

cilliated tissue line the trachea
upper respiratory tract

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15
Q

function of pseudostratified columar epithelium

A

secretes mucus
cillated tissue moves mucus

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16
Q

which one of these form layers simple or stratified/ transtional epithelal

A

stratified/ transtional epithelal

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17
Q

location of stratified squamous epthielium

A

lines esophagus,
mouth and vagina

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18
Q

function of stratified squamous epthielium

A

protetcts against infections

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19
Q

location of stratified cuboidal epithelium (3)

A

sweat glands
salivary glands
mammary glands

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20
Q

location of stratified columnar epithelium

A

male uretha
ducts of some glands

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21
Q

function of stratified columnar epithelium

A

secretes and protects

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22
Q

location of transitional epithelum

A

lines bladder
uretha
ureters

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23
Q

function of transitional epithelum

A

allows urinary organs to expand and stretch

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24
Q

What is a Gland?

A

organ that makes one or more
substances in the body

25
Q

substances that are produced by glands ? (6)

A

hormones
digestive jucie
sweat
tear
saliva
milk

26
Q

what are the two types of glands?

A

endocrine glands and exocrine glands

27
Q

what do endocrine glands do?

A

secretes substances internally into blood

28
Q

example of endocrine glands?

A

hormones

29
Q

what do exocrine glands do?

A

secretes substances externally into ducts

30
Q

example of exocrine glands?

A

digestive juices
sweat
tears
saliva
milk

31
Q

what is tissue membrane?

A

thin layer/ sheets of epithelial cells

32
Q

what do tissue membrane cover?

A

cutaneous membranes (outside body (skin))
serous membranes (organs, pericardium, sacs around heart)
mucous membranes ( tracts)
synovial membrane ( around joint)

33
Q

connective tissue location?

A

Found in all major tissues and is the most abundant tissue type in the body.

34
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

Supports epithelial tissue
houses bundles of nerves and muscle fibres.
Forms the outer layer of blood vessels.
Fills spaces between organs.

35
Q

Musculoskeletal Role

A

Forms bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.

36
Q

Fat Storage:

A

Adipose tissue stores energy and provides insulation.

37
Q

Connective Tissue Used In?

A

Musculoskeletal system
* Fat storage and deposition
* Also some immune functions

38
Q

What is Connective Tissue?

A

cells that produce fibres and an extracellular matrix around themselves.

39
Q

Extracellular Matrix Can be?

A

Solid (e.g., bone).
Gel-like (e.g., cartilage).
Liquid (e.g., blood).

40
Q

Cell Types and Functions of Connective Tissue

A

Fibroblasts: Produce fibres (e.g., collagen, elastin) and the extracellular matrix.
Adipocytes: Store fat, provide energy, insulation
Osteoblasts: Build bone tissue by producing bone matrix.
Macrophages: Immune cells involved in inflammation and immune protection.
Chondrocytes: Create the gel-like matrix in cartilage.

41
Q

What is the Ground Substance in the extracellular matrix?

A

Unstructured material that fills space between cells.
Contains fibres for support , mainly collagen, plus elastin and reticular fibres.

42
Q

What does the extracellular matrix contain?

A

Interstitial Fluid: Fluid that helps with nutrient transport.
Cell Adhesion Proteins: Help cells stick together.
Proteoglycans: Trap water and help maintain matrix structure.

43
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A

Holds large amounts of water to hydrate tissue.
Acts as a sieve, allowing nutrients and dissolved substances to diffuse between blood and cells. (This is especially important since the matrix has minimal blood supply).

44
Q

Examples of connective tissue

A

Ligaments and tendons – dense, fibrous tissue –
strong, dense, highly organised, ligaments, tendons
* Adipose tissue - fat cells (little extracellular matrix)
* Areolar tissue (loose connective tissue) - dermis of
skin
* Bone – cells surrounded by a matrix containing
calcium hydroxyapatite (calcified, hard)
* Blood – cells in a liquid matrix
* Cartilage – cells in a matrix of dense, gel-like
structure, resistant to compression, some flexibility
* Lymphoid tissue – tonsils and adenoid

45
Q

What are the properties of cartilage?

A

Great compressive and tensile strength.
Not as strong as bone, but more resilient and elastic.
Smooth, providing a covering for bones to reduce friction.

46
Q

What are the 3 basic types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline Cartilage:
Smooth, glassy, blue/white in appearance.
Widely distributed and covers bones at the ends (e.g., synovial joints, hinge joints).
Provides low friction for gliding.
Fibrocartilage:

Contains collagen fibres that cushion between bones.
Found in places like vertebral disks.
Elastic Cartilage:

Contains many elastin fibres in the extracellular matrix.
Offers a lot of flexibility.
Found in the larynx, epiglottis, nose, and outer ear.

47
Q

Where is bone located in the body?

A

human skeleton axial and appendicular

48
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

Support and Leverage: Provides structural support and acts as levers for movement.
Protection:
Protects vital organs such as the brain (cranium) and heart and lungs (ribs).
Calcium Storage: Stores calcium and other minerals, which can be released when needed.
Bone Marrow: Houses bone marrow, the source of red blood cells.

49
Q

What are the properties of muscle tissue?

A

Highly vascular: Has a rich blood supply.
Relax and contract to produce movement.
Helps maintain body posture.
Produces heat through muscle activity.

50
Q

What is the structure of muscle tissue?

A

Comprised of long cells, known as muscle fibres.

51
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal Muscle:

Voluntary muscle tissue, attached to bones for movement.
Striated appearance (striped).

Cardiac Muscle:

Found only in the heart.
Involuntary and striated.
Smooth Muscle:

Involuntary and non-striated.
Found in walls of organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels.

52
Q

Where is nervous tissue located?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Peripheral nerves

53
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Transmits information

54
Q

What are examples of nervous tissue?

A

Nerves – bundles of neurons,
surrounded by connective tissue
(fascia), vascularised
(Spinal cord) - bundles of ascending
and descending nerves

55
Q

Which tissues have easily regenerative capabilities?

A

Epithelial tissue
Bone
Areolar connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Blood-forming tissue

56
Q

Which tissues have moderate regenerative capabilities?

A

Smooth muscle
Dense regular connective tissue

57
Q

Which tissues have weak regenerative capabilities?

A

Skeletal muscle
Cartilage

58
Q

Which tissues have no regenerative capabilities and are replaced by scar tissue?

A

Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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