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anatomy and physiology 1 > homeostasis > Flashcards

homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

define homeostasis

A

maintaing a stable internal enviroment within a set range despite internal or external enviromental fluncations

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2
Q

blood pressure normal range

A

90/60-120/80

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3
Q

body temp normal range

A

36-37.5

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4
Q

pulse normal range

A

60-100

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5
Q

breathing rate normal range

A

12-20

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6
Q

blood o2 saturation normal range

A

96-100%

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7
Q

blood glucose normal range

A

4.0-5.4

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8
Q

blood ph normal range

A

7.35-7.45

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9
Q

blood osmolality

A

275-295

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10
Q

body temp not in range (2)

A

fever damage to enzyme

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11
Q

pulse not in range (4)

A

brachardiya, trachicardiya heart failure and stroke

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12
Q

breathing rate not in range

A

low/high co2 which leads to acidosis/ alkalosis

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13
Q

blood pressure out of range (4)

A

stroke,aneurysm. cardiovascular diease, lvh

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14
Q

blood o2 out of range

A

tissue o2 levels

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15
Q

blood glucose out of range

A

hyper/hypoglycaemia

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16
Q

blood ph out of range

A

acidosis/ alkalosis

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17
Q

blood osmolality out of range

A

osmotic balance

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18
Q

what does vitals signs provide (3)

A

patients overall body health/ condtion
whether they are responding to medical treatment deteriorating

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19
Q

what is negative feedback?

A

when the regulated variable is disturbed and the system restores it towards the set point

20
Q

what does the brainstem control?(4)

A

Breathing
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Chemo-sensors C02

21
Q

what does the hypothalamus control? (2)

A

Temperature control
Water balance (through
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

22
Q

what does Pituitary Gland release/do?

A

adh to regulate water balance in kidney

23
Q

what does adrenal gland do/ release?

A

aldosterone to regulate NA+ and K+ levels

24
Q

what does thyroid do/release?

A

thyroid hormones to control metabolism

25
Q

what does pancreas release/ do?

A

insluin lowers blood glucose levels

26
Q

what does parathyroid glands do?

A

increases calcium levels

27
Q

what does calcitonin do?

A

decreases calcium levels.

28
Q

define stimulus

A

a change in a external/ internal eviroment that triggers a response

29
Q

define receptor

A

detects a change in the system and then sends a message to the control centre

30
Q

define control centre

A

recieves information from receptor and processes it and sends message to effector

31
Q

define effector

A

recieves information from receptor and carries out a response

32
Q

themoregulation when temp increases list the 5 steps

A

body temperture is warmer than hypothalamic set point
activates heat loss centres in hypothalamus
blood vessels dilate and the capillaries flushes warm blood to the surface of the skin. heat radiates to skin surface
sweat glands produced which vapourises helps cool the body.
body temperture decreases and heat loss centres shut off.

33
Q

themoregulation when temp decreases list the 5 steps

A

body temperture is cooler than hypothalamic set point
activates heat promoting centres in hypothalamus
blood vessels constrict and diverts from skin to capillaries minimizing heat loss
sketelal muscle actiavted when more is generated.
body temperture increases and heat promoting centres shut off.

34
Q

define osmolarity

A

the amount of solutes dissolved in blood

35
Q

effects of hyperglycemia (3)

A

damages nerves,kidneys, eyes

36
Q

effects of hypogylciema

A

damages brain leads to coma

37
Q

explain how dehyration happens? (3)

A

increase blood solutes
increase concentration solutes
decreases water in blood

38
Q

define isotonic

A

where the concentration dissolved particles on the inside of cell is equal as the out of the cell

39
Q

define hypertonic

A

the outside of the cell is higher than inside of cell

40
Q

what causes a cell to be hypertonic? (3)

A

3% saline, 50% dextrose and dehyration

41
Q

define hypotonic

A

where the inside of the cell has a higher concentration then outside of cell

42
Q

what can cause a cell to be hypotonic

A

sereve loss of electrolytes or inapporiate use of iv

43
Q

define postive feedback

A

when a change in the body triggers a reponse which then amplifies change and pushes away from its from its set point.

44
Q

step by step of labour doing postive feedback

A

baby pushes head towards cervix
the streching of cervix is controlled by the nerve recpetors which then send a message to the brain where thehypothalamus signals to the pituarty gland to release oxytocin into bloodstream and oxytocin causes a stronger contraction of the smooth mcucles of the uterus

45
Q

clotting (2)

A

blood vessels are injured
produces more plateles to start clotting untill bleeding stops

46
Q

high blood glcuose

A

high glucose level
pancreas detects the increased blood glucose levels through alpha beta cells
the pancreas releases insulin
Insulin acts on body cells signaling them to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. It also prompts the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen.
Blood glucose levels decrease as glucose is absorbed into the cells or stored in the liver, returning blood glucose levels to normal.

47
Q

low blood glucose levels

A

Blood glucose levels drop
pancreas detects the decrease in blood glucose levels.
the pancreas releases glucagon, a hormone that works to raise blood glucose levels.
Effector: Glucagon signals the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose (a process called glycogenolysis) and release it into the bloodstream.
Blood glucose levels rise as glucose is released from the liver, restoring normal blood glucose level

anatomy and physiology 1 (6 decks)

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