homeostasis Flashcards
define homeostasis
maintaing a stable internal enviroment within a set range despite internal or external enviromental fluncations
blood pressure normal range
90/60-120/80
body temp normal range
36-37.5
pulse normal range
60-100
breathing rate normal range
12-20
blood o2 saturation normal range
96-100%
blood glucose normal range
4.0-5.4
blood ph normal range
7.35-7.45
blood osmolality
275-295
body temp not in range (2)
fever damage to enzyme
pulse not in range (4)
brachardiya, trachicardiya heart failure and stroke
breathing rate not in range
low/high co2 which leads to acidosis/ alkalosis
blood pressure out of range (4)
stroke,aneurysm. cardiovascular diease, lvh
blood o2 out of range
tissue o2 levels
blood glucose out of range
hyper/hypoglycaemia
blood ph out of range
acidosis/ alkalosis
blood osmolality out of range
osmotic balance
what does vitals signs provide (3)
patients overall body health/ condtion
whether they are responding to medical treatment deteriorating
what is negative feedback?
when the regulated variable is disturbed and the system restores it towards the set point
what does the brainstem control?(4)
Breathing
Heart rate
Blood pressure
Chemo-sensors C02
what does the hypothalamus control? (2)
Temperature control
Water balance (through
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
what does Pituitary Gland release/do?
adh to regulate water balance in kidney
what does adrenal gland do/ release?
aldosterone to regulate NA+ and K+ levels
what does thyroid do/release?
thyroid hormones to control metabolism
what does pancreas release/ do?
insluin lowers blood glucose levels
what does parathyroid glands do?
increases calcium levels
what does calcitonin do?
decreases calcium levels.
define stimulus
a change in a external/ internal eviroment that triggers a response
define receptor
detects a change in the system and then sends a message to the control centre
define control centre
recieves information from receptor and processes it and sends message to effector
define effector
recieves information from receptor and carries out a response
themoregulation when temp increases list the 5 steps
body temperture is warmer than hypothalamic set point
activates heat loss centres in hypothalamus
blood vessels dilate and the capillaries flushes warm blood to the surface of the skin. heat radiates to skin surface
sweat glands produced which vapourises helps cool the body.
body temperture decreases and heat loss centres shut off.
themoregulation when temp decreases list the 5 steps
body temperture is cooler than hypothalamic set point
activates heat promoting centres in hypothalamus
blood vessels constrict and diverts from skin to capillaries minimizing heat loss
sketelal muscle actiavted when more is generated.
body temperture increases and heat promoting centres shut off.
define osmolarity
the amount of solutes dissolved in blood
effects of hyperglycemia (3)
damages nerves,kidneys, eyes
effects of hypogylciema
damages brain leads to coma
explain how dehyration happens? (3)
increase blood solutes
increase concentration solutes
decreases water in blood
define isotonic
where the concentration dissolved particles on the inside of cell is equal as the out of the cell
define hypertonic
the outside of the cell is higher than inside of cell
what causes a cell to be hypertonic? (3)
3% saline, 50% dextrose and dehyration
define hypotonic
where the inside of the cell has a higher concentration then outside of cell
what can cause a cell to be hypotonic
sereve loss of electrolytes or inapporiate use of iv
define postive feedback
when a change in the body triggers a reponse which then amplifies change and pushes away from its from its set point.
step by step of labour doing postive feedback
baby pushes head towards cervix
the streching of cervix is controlled by the nerve recpetors which then send a message to the brain where thehypothalamus signals to the pituarty gland to release oxytocin into bloodstream and oxytocin causes a stronger contraction of the smooth mcucles of the uterus
clotting (2)
blood vessels are injured
produces more plateles to start clotting untill bleeding stops
high blood glcuose
high glucose level
pancreas detects the increased blood glucose levels through alpha beta cells
the pancreas releases insulin
Insulin acts on body cells signaling them to absorb glucose from the bloodstream. It also prompts the liver to store excess glucose as glycogen.
Blood glucose levels decrease as glucose is absorbed into the cells or stored in the liver, returning blood glucose levels to normal.
low blood glucose levels
Blood glucose levels drop
pancreas detects the decrease in blood glucose levels.
the pancreas releases glucagon, a hormone that works to raise blood glucose levels.
Effector: Glucagon signals the liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose (a process called glycogenolysis) and release it into the bloodstream.
Blood glucose levels rise as glucose is released from the liver, restoring normal blood glucose level
