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chembio lab > chembio finals lec > Flashcards

chembio finals lec Flashcards

1
Q

a measure of how close a measurement is to the true or (standard) value of the quantity being measured.

A

accuracy

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2
Q

measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another.

A

precision

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3
Q

agreement or closeness among measured values between runs.

A

reproducibility

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4
Q

agreement or closeness among measured values within runs.

A

repeatability

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5
Q

two components of precision

A

reproducibility and repeatability

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6
Q

amount of error in your measurements. difference between the measured value and “true” value.

A

absolute error

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7
Q

ratio of absolute error and the true (standard) value

A

relative error

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8
Q

ways of expressing accuracy

A

absolute error (AE) and relative error (RE)

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9
Q

average of different variations from a data set.

A

average deviation

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10
Q

denoted by 𝜎 or s

A

standard deviation

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11
Q

denoted by 𝜎 or s

A

variance

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12
Q

a measurement of the spread between numbers in a data set

A

variance

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13
Q

also known as the Relative Standard Deviation (RSD)

A

coeffecient variation

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14
Q

the ratio of the standard deviation and the mean.

A

coeffecient variation

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15
Q

difference between the lowest and highest values.

A

range

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16
Q

ways of expressing precision

A

average deviation
standard deviation
variance
coefficient variation
range

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17
Q

lowers the accuracy of the experiment.

A

error in measurements

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18
Q

types of error

A

determinate/systematic error
indeterminate/random error
propagation of error/uncertainty

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19
Q

errors that are known and controllable errors

A

determinate/systematic error

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20
Q

nonrandom error that can be detected and corrected.

A

determinate/systematic error

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21
Q

examples of determinate error

A

personal/operative, instrumental, and method errors

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22
Q

faulty or uncalibrated equipment

A

intstrumental error (determinate)

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23
Q

mathematical errors in calculations, prejudice in estimating measurements, incomplete drying, transfer solutions

A

personal/operative error (determinate)

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24
Q

most serious error ex. Coprecipitation of impurities, slight solubility of the precipitate, incomplete reactions

A

method error (determinate)

25
Q

caused by uncontrollable or unknown fluctuations in variables that may affect experimental results.

A

indeterminate/random error

26
Q

arise from uncertainties in measurements

A

indeterminate/random error

27
Q

variation in line voltage, fluctuation of electrical current

A

instrumental error (indeterminate)

28
Q

misestimation of the meniscus, subjectivity in color changes

A

personal/operative error (indeterminate)

29
Q

variation in environmental conditions such as humidity, temperature, etc. during measurement and analysis.

A

method error (indeterminate)

30
Q

result due to several deviations of the instruments used in the conduct of measurement and analysis.

A

propagation of error/uncertainty

31
Q

defined as the effects on a function by a variable’s uncertainty.

A

propagation of error/uncertainty

32
Q

also known as confidence interval

A

confidence limit

33
Q

shows how accurate an estimation of the mean is or is likely to be.

A

confidence limit

34
Q

range where the true (standard) value lies

A

confidence limit

35
Q

is an observation that lies an abnormal distance from other values in a random sample from a population.

A

outlier

36
Q

used to identify an outlier within a data set

A

q-test

37
Q

used to a determinate error; otherwise, it falls within the expected random error and should be retained

A

q-test

38
Q

suspected outlier is retained

A

qcalc < qtab

39
Q

suspected outlier is rejected

A

qcalc > qtab

40
Q

a standard solution is added to a solution of an analyte until the reaction between the analyte and reagent is judged to be complete

A

titration

41
Q

performed slowly by adding a standard solution from a buret or other liquid-dispensing device to a solution of the analyte until the reaction between the two is complete.

A

titration

42
Q

solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually to another solution of unknown concentration, until the chemical reaction between the two solutions is complete

A

standard solution

43
Q

the point in a titration which the amount of added standard reagents is exactly equivalent to the amount of analyte.

A

equivalence point

44
Q

point in a titration when a physical change occurs that is associated with the condition of chemical equivalence.

A

end point

45
Q

added to analyte solution to produce an observable physical change (the end point) at or near the equivalence point

A

indicators

46
Q

a highly purified compound that serves as a reference material in volumetric method.

A

primary standards

47
Q

compound whose purity has been established by chemical analysis and that serves as the reference material for a titrimetric method of analysis.

A

secondary standards

48
Q

a carefully weighed quantity of a primary standard is dissolved in a suitable solvent and diluted to an exactly known volume in a volumetric flask

A

direct method

49
Q

the titrant to be standardized is used to titrate a weighed quantity of a primary standard

A

standardization

50
Q

these substances react more completely with an analyte than do their weaker counterparts, and they therefore provide sharper endpoints.

A

standard solutions

51
Q

are prepared by diluting concentrated hydrochloric, perchloric or sulfuric acid.

A

standard solutions of acids

52
Q

seldom used because its oxidizing properties offer the undesirable side reactions.

A

nitric acid

53
Q

potent oxidizing agents and are very hazardous.

A

hot concentrated perchloric acid and sulfuric acids

54
Q

prepared from solid sodium, potassium, and occasionally barium hydroxides.

A

standard solutions of bases

55
Q

a weak organic acid or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate base or its conjugate acid form.

A

acid/base indicator

56
Q

pH range of phenolphthalein

A

8-10, colorless (acid), red (base)

57
Q

compute the concentration of the acid from its starting concentration and the amount of base added

A

pre-equivalence

58
Q

the hydronium and hydroxide ions are present in equal concentrations, and the hydronium ion concentration is derived directly from the ion-product constant for water.

A

equivalence

59
Q

the analytical concentration of the excess base is computed, and the hydroxide ion concentration is assumed to be equal to or a multiple of the analytical concentration.

A

post-equivalence

chembio lab (6 decks)

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