Chem U8 - diseases

Question 1

androgen insensitivity syndrome

Answer 1

mutation on androgen causing male patients to having female characteristics

slight increase testosterone, increased LH and FSH

Question 2

diabetes mellitus, type II

Answer 2

insulin resistance

free testosterone and vv low LH

Question 3

kallman’s syndrome - KAL1

Answer 3

hypogonadism during puberty - small peen

decreased GnRH

Question 4

klinefelter syndrome (XXY)

Answer 4

increased estrogen from extra X chromosome

Question 5

mumps infection

Answer 5

trauma in genital area

Question 6

myotonic dystrophy

Answer 6

hypogonadism, frontal balding, diabetes, muscle weakness, and tense muscles

decreased testosterone, increased LH and FSH

Question 7

opioid usage

Answer 7

chronic use can affect infertility because of decreased sperm motility and sperm count

Question 8

sertoli cell only syndrome

Answer 8

male presents with small testes

increased FSH and azoospermia, normal testosterone

Question 9

testosterone replacement therapy

Answer 9

treats hypogonadism

Question 10

5α reductase deficiency

Answer 10

prevents testosterone converting into DHT (hormone for male characteristics)

Question 11

amenorrhea

Answer 11

absence of menses, abnormal bleeding

primary - never had period by 16 y/o
secondary - period occuring every 3-6 months

Question 12

oligomenorrhea

Answer 12

irregular bleeding

Question 13

menorrhagia

Answer 13

bleeding for 7+ days

Question 14

polycystic ovarian syndrome

Answer 14

enlargened ovaries with small cysts

increased total and free testosterone and DHEA

Question 15

hirsutism

Answer 15

increased hair growth

increased androgens, LH, body fat, adrenal gland activity

Question 16

MSAFP

Answer 16

makes α-fetoprotein and fetal liver cell

Question 17

AChE

Answer 17

responsible for neuromuscular function

Question 18

PAPP-Ab

Answer 18

dampens maternal immune responses against the fetus

Question 19

fFN

Answer 19

highly suggestive of delivery within 2 weeks

Question 20

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 20

fertilized egg ends up anywhere besides endometrial lining - fatal to the mother, fetus not viable

Question 21

hyperemesis gravidarum

Answer 21

morning sickness

Question 22

pre-eclampsia

Answer 22

high BP during pregnancy

Question 23

HDFN

Answer 23

Rh neg mom gives birth to Rh pos baby

Question 24

preterm delivery

Answer 24

delivery earlier than week 37

Question 25

edwards syndrome

Answer 25

trisomy 18

decreased hCG, AFP, uE3

Question 26

down syndrome

Answer 26

trisomy 21

increased hCG, decreased AFP and uE3

Question 27

rickets

Answer 27

affects children, abnormal mineralization of bone

Question 28

osteomalacia

Answer 28

affects adults, abnormal mineralization of bone - bones are softer

Question 29

osteoporosis

Answer 29

bones become porous and bone density decreases, more likely in women

Question 30

familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia

Answer 30

germline mutation - calcium sensitivity

Question 31

drug induced hypercalcemia

Answer 31

HCTZ induces hypercalcemia

Question 32

hypervitaminosis

Answer 32

excess intake of vitamin D

Question 33

neoplasm with PTHrP

Answer 33

low cancer cell secretion - regulate cartilage, skin, brain tissue

Question 34

graves disease

Answer 34

hyperthyroidism - anti-TSHR/TRAbs

Question 35

hashimotos disease

Answer 35

hypothyroidism - anti-Tg and anti-TPO

Question 36

thyrotoxicosis

Answer 36

excess thyroid hormones from excess production of TRAbs

Question 37

goiter

Answer 37

enlargened and swollen thyroid gland

Question 38

subacute thyroiditis

Answer 38

small changes or leakage of thyroid gland hormones

Question 39

non-thyroidal illness

Answer 39

chronically ill patients develop thyroid abnormalities