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MLS Classes > Chem U4 - Carbs & Lipids > Flashcards

Chem U4 - Carbs & Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

basic structure of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol of ester bonds

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2
Q

basic structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol with phospholipid head group

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3
Q

basic structure of cholesterol

A

unsaturated steroid alcohol with 4 rings (A, B, C, D) + 1 C-H side chain tail

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4
Q

difference between cis and trans fatty acids

A

cis: hydrogens on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, cannot be packed

trans: hydrogens on the opposite side of the carbon-carbon double bond, can be packed tightly

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5
Q

what compound is used as the precursor for the steroid hormones and vitamin D3?

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

cholesteryl ester

A

a dietary lipid that delivers cholesterol and fatty acids to organs; cholesterol existing in an esterified form

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7
Q

what enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides?

A

lipases

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8
Q

how are exogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?

A

chylomicrons

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9
Q

how are endogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?

A

VLDL

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10
Q

what are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyric acid

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11
Q

basic structure of lipoprotein

A

made up of lipids and proteins (apolipoproteins)

large lipoprotein have a large core regions and large amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol esters

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12
Q

in the structure of a lipoprotein, which component likes water? does not like water?

A

likes water: phospholipids and cholesterol
does not like water: triglyceride and cholesteryl ester

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13
Q

what are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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14
Q

which lipoprotein has the largest amount of lipid content? smallest amount of lipid content?

A

order from largest to smallest: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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15
Q

which lipoprotein has the largest amount of protein content? smallest amount of protein content?

A

order from largest to smallest: HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons

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16
Q

things to know about chylomicrons

A

fxn: deliver dietary lipids to the liver
made from: intestines
size: largest and least dense lipoprotein
rich in triglycerides

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17
Q

things to know about VLDL

A

fxn: transfer triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues
made from: liver
rich in triglycerides
major carriers of endogenous triglycerides

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18
Q

things to know about LDL

A

fxn: major carrier of cholesterol to peripheral cells
made from: consequence of lipolysis of VLDL
size: smaller than both VLDL and chylomicrons
taken into cells and broken down into component parts
*the bad lipoproteins

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19
Q

things to know about HDL

A

fxn: removes excess cholesterol from peripheral cells
made from: liver and intestines
size: smallest most least dense lipoprotein
*the good lipoproteins

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20
Q

elevated levels of lipoproteins indicate what?

A

risk of premature coronary heart disease and stroke

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21
Q

why is fasting important before a lipid panel?

A

because it produces the most accurate results, as LDL can be affected by what you eat

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22
Q

types of hypolipidemia

A

abetalipoproteinemia, hypobetalipoproteinemia, Tangier disease

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23
Q

abetalipoproteinemia

A

decreased LDL

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24
Q

hypobetalipoproteinemia

A

decreased LDL

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25
Tangier disease
increases the risk for cardiovascular disease genetic condition decreased HDL limits lipid intake
26
what is the formula to calculate LDL?
Friedwald equation: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (triglycerides/5)
27
what are the major problems with the Friedewald equation?
needs 3 measurements, so there is possibility for errors in obtaining the values when triglyceride levels are 400 mg/dl >, the equation cannot be used
28
what causes lipemia in blood specimens in the lab?
not fasting before being drawn for blood
29
carbohydrates
general formula: Cx(H2O)y carbonyl (C=O) + hydroxyl (-OH) provides structural components for RNA and DNA serves as a source of energy
30
monosaccharides
simplest carbohydrate glyceraldehyde glucose, fructose, galactose
31
disaccharides
2 monosaccharides + covalent glycosidic bond, with loss of water sucrose, maltose, lactose
32
sucrose makeup
glucose + fructose
33
maltase makeup
glucose + glucose
34
lactose makeup
glucose + galactose
35
oligosaccharides
formed by a chain of 3-10 sugar units
36
polysaccharides
formed by linking more than 10 monosaccharides starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
37
aerobic glycolysis
glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid pyruvate enters TCA cycle net production: 32 moles of ATP/mole of glucose
38
anaerobic glycolysis
glucose is broken down into lactic acid lactate is converted to pyruvate and enters TCA cycle net production: 2 moles of ATP/mole of glucose
39
glycogenesis
conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
40
which tissues are capable of glycogenesis?
liver and muscle tissues
41
which tissues are capable of glycogenolysis?
liver tissues
42
glycolysis
metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
43
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
44
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen to glucose for storage
45
lipogenesis
conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
46
lipolysis
decomposition of fat
47
kinds of glycoproteins
antibodies, hormones, coag factors
48
______ breaks the polymers down into dextrins and disaccharides
enzyme
49
what are the 3 metabolic pathways and what are the end products?
embden-meyerhof pathway aerobic glycolysis: 32 ATP/mole of glucose anaerobic glycolysis: 2 ATP/mole of glucose hexose monophosphate shunt: NADPH + ribose 5-phosphate glycogenesis: glycogen
50
what is the storage form of glucose?
glycogen
51
what are blood glucose levels maintained by in short fasting periods?
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
52
which hormones regulate glucose metabolism and increase blood glucose levels?
glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, ACTH, somatostatin, cortisol, thyroxine, human placental lactogen
53
which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?
insulin
54
hyperglycemic lab findings
increased plasma glucose levels from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both
55
4 diagnostics for diabetes mellitus
type 1, type 2, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
56
type 1 DM
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, least common, treat with insulin injections
57
type 2 DM
non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, most common, treated by making lifestyle changes
58
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
acute hyperglycemia, body flushes excess glucose out or attempts to provide different sources of energy using fatty acids results in acidosis, high ketones, elevated blood glucose levels
59
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)
out of control type 2 DM, leads to decreased fluid intake with concurrent febrile illness
60
gestational DM
developing hyperglycemia from being pregnant, resulting in metabolic and hormonal changes and will revert back to normal after pregnancy
61
secondary diabetes
drug or chemical-induced insulin, genetic defects of B-cell function, pancreatic and endocrine disease
62
what does a glycosylated hemoglobin value say about most patients’ glycemic control? during what timeframe?
reflects the average glucose level over 2-3 months
63
what factors determine the glycosylated hemoglobin level?
average daily glucose concentration and RBC lifespan
64
hypoglycemia levels and meanings
cut-off for glucose fasting: <50 mg/dl symptoms may be observed: 50-55 mg/dl symptoms may be severe: 20-30 mg/dl
65
common hypoglycemia symptoms
trembling and weakness, sweating, rapid pulse, hunger, lightheadedness
66
possible causes of hypoglycemia in adults
insulin-related treatment, septicemia, excessive ethanol intake, adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease)
67
possible causes of hypoglycemia in neonates
premature birth, maternal toxemia, maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes
68
what methodology is most specific to glucose?
hexokinase
69
normal response to oral glucose tolerance test
blood glucose rises after a meal insulin is released in an amount proportional to the size and content of the meal glucose moves into the cells and metabolized blood glucose level drops pancreas slows down and then stops releasing insulin
70
what can substitute for HA1c? which patients will benefit from this substitute?
fructosamine, anemic and pregnant patients

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