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MLS Classes > Chem U4 - Carbs & Lipids > Flashcards

Chem U4 - Carbs & Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

basic structure of triglycerides

A

3 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol of ester bonds

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2
Q

basic structure of phospholipids

A

2 fatty acid molecules + 1 glycerol with phospholipid head group

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3
Q

basic structure of cholesterol

A

unsaturated steroid alcohol with 4 rings (A, B, C, D) + 1 C-H side chain tail

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4
Q

difference between cis and trans fatty acids

A

cis: hydrogens on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond, cannot be packed

trans: hydrogens on the opposite side of the carbon-carbon double bond, can be packed tightly

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5
Q

what compound is used as the precursor for the steroid hormones and vitamin D3?

A

cholesterol

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6
Q

cholesteryl ester

A

a dietary lipid that delivers cholesterol and fatty acids to organs; cholesterol existing in an esterified form

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7
Q

what enzyme hydrolyzes triglycerides?

A

lipases

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8
Q

how are exogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?

A

chylomicrons

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9
Q

how are endogenous triglycerides transported in plasma?

A

VLDL

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10
Q

what are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

acetone, acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyric acid

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11
Q

basic structure of lipoprotein

A

made up of lipids and proteins (apolipoproteins)

large lipoprotein have a large core regions and large amounts of triglyceride and cholesterol esters

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12
Q

in the structure of a lipoprotein, which component likes water? does not like water?

A

likes water: phospholipids and cholesterol
does not like water: triglyceride and cholesteryl ester

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13
Q

what are the 4 classes of lipoproteins?

A

chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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14
Q

which lipoprotein has the largest amount of lipid content? smallest amount of lipid content?

A

order from largest to smallest: chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL

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15
Q

which lipoprotein has the largest amount of protein content? smallest amount of protein content?

A

order from largest to smallest: HDL, LDL, VLDL, chylomicrons

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16
Q

things to know about chylomicrons

A

fxn: deliver dietary lipids to the liver
made from: intestines
size: largest and least dense lipoprotein
rich in triglycerides

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17
Q

things to know about VLDL

A

fxn: transfer triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues
made from: liver
rich in triglycerides
major carriers of endogenous triglycerides

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18
Q

things to know about LDL

A

fxn: major carrier of cholesterol to peripheral cells
made from: consequence of lipolysis of VLDL
size: smaller than both VLDL and chylomicrons
taken into cells and broken down into component parts
*the bad lipoproteins

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19
Q

things to know about HDL

A

fxn: removes excess cholesterol from peripheral cells
made from: liver and intestines
size: smallest most least dense lipoprotein
*the good lipoproteins

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20
Q

elevated levels of lipoproteins indicate what?

A

risk of premature coronary heart disease and stroke

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21
Q

why is fasting important before a lipid panel?

A

because it produces the most accurate results, as LDL can be affected by what you eat

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22
Q

types of hypolipidemia

A

abetalipoproteinemia, hypobetalipoproteinemia, Tangier disease

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23
Q

abetalipoproteinemia

A

decreased LDL

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24
Q

hypobetalipoproteinemia

A

decreased LDL

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25
Q

Tangier disease

A

increases the risk for cardiovascular disease
genetic condition
decreased HDL
limits lipid intake

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26
Q

what is the formula to calculate LDL?

A

Friedwald equation: LDL = cholesterol - HDL - (triglycerides/5)

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27
Q

what are the major problems with the Friedewald equation?

A

needs 3 measurements, so there is possibility for errors in obtaining the values

when triglyceride levels are 400 mg/dl >, the equation cannot be used

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28
Q

what causes lipemia in blood specimens in the lab?

A

not fasting before being drawn for blood

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29
Q

carbohydrates

A

general formula: Cx(H2O)y
carbonyl (C=O) + hydroxyl (-OH)
provides structural components for RNA and DNA
serves as a source of energy

30
Q

monosaccharides

A

simplest carbohydrate
glyceraldehyde

glucose, fructose, galactose

31
Q

disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides + covalent glycosidic bond, with loss of water

sucrose, maltose, lactose

32
Q

sucrose makeup

A

glucose + fructose

33
Q

maltase makeup

A

glucose + glucose

34
Q

lactose makeup

A

glucose + galactose

35
Q

oligosaccharides

A

formed by a chain of 3-10 sugar units

36
Q

polysaccharides

A

formed by linking more than 10 monosaccharides

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

37
Q

aerobic glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
pyruvate enters TCA cycle
net production: 32 moles of ATP/mole of glucose

38
Q

anaerobic glycolysis

A

glucose is broken down into lactic acid
lactate is converted to pyruvate and enters TCA cycle
net production: 2 moles of ATP/mole of glucose

39
Q

glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage

40
Q

which tissues are capable of glycogenesis?

A

liver and muscle tissues

41
Q

which tissues are capable of glycogenolysis?

A

liver tissues

42
Q

glycolysis

A

metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy

43
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources

44
Q

glycogenolysis

A

breakdown of glycogen to glucose for storage

45
Q

lipogenesis

A

conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

46
Q

lipolysis

A

decomposition of fat

47
Q

kinds of glycoproteins

A

antibodies, hormones, coag factors

48
Q

______ breaks the polymers down into dextrins and disaccharides

A

enzyme

49
Q

what are the 3 metabolic pathways and what are the end products?

A

embden-meyerhof pathway
aerobic glycolysis: 32 ATP/mole of glucose
anaerobic glycolysis: 2 ATP/mole of glucose

hexose monophosphate shunt: NADPH + ribose 5-phosphate

glycogenesis: glycogen

50
Q

what is the storage form of glucose?

A

glycogen

51
Q

what are blood glucose levels maintained by in short fasting periods?

A

glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

52
Q

which hormones regulate glucose metabolism and increase blood glucose levels?

A

glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, ACTH, somatostatin, cortisol, thyroxine, human placental lactogen

53
Q

which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?

A

insulin

54
Q

hyperglycemic lab findings

A

increased plasma glucose levels from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both

55
Q

4 diagnostics for diabetes mellitus

A

type 1, type 2, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

56
Q

type 1 DM

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, least common, treat with insulin injections

57
Q

type 2 DM

A

non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, most common, treated by making lifestyle changes

58
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

acute hyperglycemia, body flushes excess glucose out or attempts to provide different sources of energy using fatty acids

results in acidosis, high ketones, elevated blood glucose levels

59
Q

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

A

out of control type 2 DM, leads to decreased fluid intake with concurrent febrile illness

60
Q

gestational DM

A

developing hyperglycemia from being pregnant, resulting in metabolic and hormonal changes and will revert back to normal after pregnancy

61
Q

secondary diabetes

A

drug or chemical-induced insulin, genetic defects of B-cell function, pancreatic and endocrine disease

62
Q

what does a glycosylated hemoglobin value say about most patients’ glycemic control? during what timeframe?

A

reflects the average glucose level over 2-3 months

63
Q

what factors determine the glycosylated hemoglobin level?

A

average daily glucose concentration and RBC lifespan

64
Q

hypoglycemia levels and meanings

A

cut-off for glucose fasting: <50 mg/dl

symptoms may be observed: 50-55 mg/dl

symptoms may be severe: 20-30 mg/dl

65
Q

common hypoglycemia symptoms

A

trembling and weakness, sweating, rapid pulse, hunger, lightheadedness

66
Q

possible causes of hypoglycemia in adults

A

insulin-related treatment, septicemia, excessive ethanol intake, adrenal insufficiency (Addison’s disease)

67
Q

possible causes of hypoglycemia in neonates

A

premature birth, maternal toxemia, maternal diabetes, gestational diabetes

68
Q

what methodology is most specific to glucose?

A

hexokinase

69
Q

normal response to oral glucose tolerance test

A

blood glucose rises after a meal

insulin is released in an amount proportional to the size and content of the meal

glucose moves into the cells and metabolized

blood glucose level drops

pancreas slows down and then stops releasing insulin

70
Q

what can substitute for HA1c? which patients will benefit from this substitute?

A

fructosamine, anemic and pregnant patients

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