Chem Path Flashcards
lithium overdose presents how?
tremor, lethargy, fits, RENAL FAILURE
Calculate anion gap
What might cause a raised anion gap?
Na + K - Cl - Bicarb
Ketones, urea, lactate, toxins (KULT)
What is Bartter’s syndrome?
Defect in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. It is characterized by hypokalemia, alkalosis, and hypotension. Also associated with high urinary calcium.
phenytoin toxicity
ataxia, nystagmus
high aldosterone high renin indicates what condition?
Renal Artery Stenosis
Smouldering myeloma criteria
Paraprotein > 30g/dL, plasma cells > 10%
high aldosterone low renin indicates what condition?
Conn’s
Biochemistry of renal osteodystrophy?
Low calcium
High phosphate
MGUS criteria
Paraprotein <30, plasma cells <10
What is the fluid status in SIADH?
Euvolaemia with hyponatraemia
Schmidt’s or AIPE
Hypothyroid
T1DM
Addisons
Non classical Hodgkins plus lymphocytic and histiocytic cells
Nodular lymphocytic
Arthralgia, chonedrocalcinosis, hepatomegaly, high transferrin saturation
Haemochromatosis
digoxin toxicity
arrhythmias, confusion, xanopthsia (seeing yellow)
EPP (erythropoietic protoporphyria)
photosensitive, skin lesions ONLY
Brown tumours
Osteitis fibrosa cystica (Browns tumours) from hyperparathyroidism
vWD: abnormal platelet aggregation when exposed to…?
Treatment?
Ristocetin
Tx: Desmopressin
low Na, high serum osmolality
Diabetes
Rapid correction of K+ causes what?
Central pontine myelinolysis
urine osmolality > 20 vs. <20?
> 20 implies renal problem; e.g. AKI, renal failure
<20 implies non renal; cardiac failure (reduced cardiac output), cirrhosis (lots of NO produced)
Vit K dependent clotting factors
2, 5, 9, 10
How is acute intermittent porphyria treated?
IV carbohydrate / haem arginate
Transferrin and TIBC levels in IDA
High
x ray features of osteoid osteoma
radiolucent nidus with sclerotic rim
Acute intermittent porphyria; what is deficient and how is it diagnosed?
HMB synthase deficiency (hydroxymethylbilane)
ALA and PBG in urine
Port wine urine
Acute intermittent porphyria
What are the different types of renal tubular acidosis?
Type 1: Problem with H+ transporter; resulting in acid retention and hypoklaemia
Type 2: failure to reabsorb bicarbonate –> acid retention and hypokalaemia
Type 4: aldosterone deficiency or resistance (acidosis and hyperkalaemia) Diabetes can cause this
Treatment for renal tubular acidosis?
oral SandoK, if K+ lower than 3, consider IV
Beri Beri
decreased muscle function, confusion, SOB
How to calculate corrected calcium?
measured + ([40-albumin] x 0.02)
theophylline
arrhythmias, anxiety, tremor, convulsions
gentamicin
tinnitus, deafness, nystagmus, RENAL FAILURE
Post transfusion: chest pain, fever, chills, pain along IV line, dark urine
ABO incompatible transfusion
B6 and deficiency
Pyroxidine, dermatitis, anaemia, neuropathy
urine osmolality > plasma osmolality
SIADH
What medication can cause low sodium
Carbamazepine
Potassium levels in DKA?
High
t4 normal, high TSH
subclinical hypothyroidism
Acronym for guthrie test
IMHGMsP
I must have good maple syrup pancakes
Adrenals layers and functions
Go Find Rex, Make Great Sex
Glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids
Fasiculata - glucocorticoids
Medulla - testosterone
