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yr9 eoys > chem > Flashcards

chem Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 subatomic particles?

A

protons, neutrons and electrons

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2
Q

what is the charge of a proton?

A

positive

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3
Q

what is the charge of a neutron?

A

none

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4
Q

what is the charge of an electron?

A

negative

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5
Q

what is the number on top of the element on the periodic table?

A

mass number (no. of protons + no. of neutrons)

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6
Q

what is the number below the element on the periodic table?

A

atomic number (no. of protons and no. of electrons)

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7
Q

how many electrons can be in each shell?

A

1st- max 2
2nd and 3rd- max 8

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8
Q

why do atoms have no overall charge?

A

because the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, so the charges cancel each other out

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9
Q

what is ionic bonding?

A

when atoms bond and they a gain or lose electrons

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10
Q

what is covalent bonding?

A

when metals and non metals bond and they share a PAIR of electrons

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11
Q

what is metallic bonding?

A

when metals bond

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12
Q

describe the structure of a metal

A

-giant lattice/regular layers
-positive metal ions
-sea of delocalised electrons
-carries charge/thermal energy

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13
Q

why are alloys stronger than pure metals?

A

the different sized atoms distort layers, meaning its harder for them to slide over each other

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14
Q

what metals are extracted by electrolysis?

A

K, Na, Li, Ca, Mg and Al (first 6 in the reactivity series)

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15
Q

what metals are extracted by reduction?

A

everything below carbon because carbon is used in reduction

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16
Q

which metals are native and unreactive?

A

Ag, Au and Pt

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17
Q

what is displacement?

A

when more reactive metals displace less reactive metals

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18
Q

what are alkanes?

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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19
Q

how do alkanes react to bromine water?

A

they stay orange

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20
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

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21
Q

what are alkenes?

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons

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22
Q

how do alkenes react to bromine water?

A

they turn colourless

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23
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

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24
Q

explain fractional distillation

A

-crude oil heated until vaporised
-temperature decreases bottom to top
-fractions condense at different heights
-depending on their boiling point

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25
Q

what is cracking?

A

turns longer chained hydrocarbons into smaller chained hydrocarbons eg fuels

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26
Q

what are the two conditions needed for cracking?

A

high temperature and a catalyst

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27
Q

what type of melting and boiling points do pure substances have?

A

fixed

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28
Q

what type of melting and boiling points do impure substances have?

A

a range

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29
Q

what does distillation do?

A

separates a mixture of liquids with different boiling points

30
Q

what does evaporation do?

A

separates a soluble solid from a solvent

31
Q

what does filtration do?

A

separates an insoluble solid from a solution/solvent

32
Q

what is the test and result for hydrogen gas?

A

lit splint, squeaky pop

33
Q

what is the test and result for oxygen gas?

A

glowing splint, lights again

34
Q

what is the test and result for carbon dioxide gas?

A

limewater, turns limewater cloudy

35
Q

what is the test and result for chlorine gas?

A

damp blue litmus paper, litmus bleaches white

36
Q

what is the line at the top of the chromatography paper called?

A

solvent front

37
Q

what is the liquid called?

A

solvent

38
Q

what is the paper and solvent placed in?

A

beaker

39
Q

why is the baseline drawn drawn in pencil rather than pen?

A

because a pen would dissolve in the solvent

40
Q

what happens to the rf value when the substance is more soluble?

A

its more soluble and so travels higher up the paper

41
Q

what happens to the rf value when the substance is less soluble?

A

it has a lower rf value and so doesn’t travel as far up the paper

42
Q

how do you work out the rf value?

A

distance moved by substance/distance moved by solvent

43
Q

what does it mean if the rf is over 1?

A

its wrong

44
Q

what is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

45
Q

what is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

46
Q

what is the relative mass of an electron?

A

0

47
Q

what are the characteristics of a solid?

A

-tightly packed, high density
-cannot be compressed
-fixed position, vibrate on spot
-forces between

48
Q

what are the characteristics of a liquid?

A

-close together
-cannot be compressed
-can move around
-forces between particles are weaker, can be poured

49
Q

what are the characteristics of a gas?

A

-spread apart
-can be compressed
-can move in all directions
-extremely weak forces, can flow/be poured

50
Q

what is the process when a liquid turns to gas?

A

evaporation

51
Q

what is the process when a liquid turns to solid?

A

freezing

52
Q

what is the process when a gas turns to liquid?

A

condensation

53
Q

what is the process when a gas turns to solid?

A

deposition

54
Q

what is the process when a solid turns to liquid?

A

melting

55
Q

what is the process when a solid turns to gas?

A

sublimation

56
Q

why does metal conduct electricity?

A

-there are delocalised electrons
-which carry charge through the structure

57
Q

what can you use to remember the reactivity series?

A

please stop calling me a (careless) zebra, instead try learning (how) copper saves gold

58
Q

what is a metal ore?

A

a rock that contains enough of a metal or metal compund to make it worth extracting the metal

59
Q

how can you tell if a metal is worth extracting?

A

-how easy it is to extract from its ore
-how much metal the ore contains
-the demand for a particular metal

60
Q

what is a homologous series?

A

a group of chemicals (eg alkanes) which have similar chemical properties and can be represented as a general formula (eg CnH2n+2)

61
Q

the longer the hydrocarbon chain…

A

-the more viscous it is
-the higher the boiling point
-the harder it is to vaporise
-the less flammable it is

62
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

63
Q

what is the equation for incomplete combustion?

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon + water

64
Q

why is carbon monoxide dangerous?

A

because its absorbed in the lungs and binds within the haemoglobin in our red blood cells. this reduces the capacity of the blood to carry oxygen

65
Q

what is a formulation?

A

a mixture that has been designed as a useful product. in a formulation, the quantity of each component is carefully measured so that the product has the properties we need

66
Q

what is a mixture?

A

made up of two or more substance that are not chemically joined together

67
Q

what does a pure substance look like in chromatography?

A

it will only have one spot

68
Q

what does a mixture look like in chromatography?

A

it will have more than one spot on top of each other

69
Q

how do you make hydrogen?

A

a metal and an acid

70
Q

how do you make oxygen?

A

hydrogen peroxide and a catalyst

71
Q

how do you make carbon dioxide?

A

marble chips and hydrochloric acid

yr9 eoys (6 decks)

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