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yr9 eoys > bio > Flashcards

bio Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nucleus do?

A

it contains the genetic information (DNA) to control the activities of the cell

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2
Q

what does the cell membrane do?

A

it controls what moves into and out of the cell

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3
Q

what do the ribosomes do?

A

they carry out protein synthesis

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4
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

it releases energy for the cell in aerobic respiration

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5
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

its a liquid mixture where the chemical reactions take place (which is cataylsed by enzymes)

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6
Q

what is the cell membrane?

A

its a wall made of cellulose to provide strength and protection for the cell

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7
Q

what does the vacuole do?

A

it contains sap for storage

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8
Q

what does the chloroplast do?

A

it contains chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis and make food

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9
Q

what are animals, plants and fungi (as well as protoctista) classed as?

A

eukaryotic

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10
Q

what are more primitive cells that evolved before the existence of the nucleus classed as?

A

prokaryotic

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11
Q

out of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which is the bacteria?

A

prokaryotes

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12
Q

what are bacteria?

A

single celled organisms that are typically much smaller than plant or animal cells

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13
Q

name 4 differences between bacteria and animal/plant cells

A

-they have no nucleus, but a loose collection of genetic material forming a bacterial chromosome/nucleoid
-they may have extra loops of DNA called plasmids
-they have a cell wall (different material to plant cells) and may also have a slime capsule around it for added protection
-they also have one or more flagella which lash about to move the cell

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14
Q

what are protoctista?

A

single celled organisms whose cells contain a nucleus

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15
Q

what is a bacterial chromosome?

A

a single circular chromosome comprised of double stranded DNA

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16
Q

what are plasmid?

A

loops of DNA found in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell

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17
Q

what is a slime capsule?

A

a layer surrounding the cell wall of bacteria which makes it harder for it to be engulfed by a phagocyte

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18
Q

how do you work out the actual size of a cell?

A

actual size = image size/magnification

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19
Q

what is binary fission?

A

how bacteria multiplies, when one cell splits in half into two

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20
Q

name 4 specialised cells

A

-muscle cell
-red blood cell
-sperm cell
-nerve cell
-root hair cell
-leaf (palisade cell)
-fat cell
-eye (cone) cell
-white blood cell

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21
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell which has the capacity to become any type of cell

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22
Q

why do plants retain undifferentiated stem cells?

A

it enables them to continue to grow throughout their entire lives

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23
Q

what is a cell?

A

the smallest functional unit of life that can exist independently

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24
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of similar cells that work together to do a specific function

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25
Q

what are a plants 3 main organs?

A

-roots
-stems
-leaves

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26
Q

what is an organ system?

A

a collection of organs that work together to perform an overall body function

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27
Q

what is the nervous system?

A

made up of nerve cells (neurons) that carry electrical impulses around the body to coordinate responses

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28
Q

what is the circulatory system?

A

formed from the heart and blood vessels, in order to transport oxygen and nutrients to all of the body cells

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29
Q

what is the reproduction system?

A

either male or female organs to enable sexual reproduction to take place

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30
Q

what is the musculose system?

A

the bones of the body and the muscles attached to them for movement

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31
Q

what do you call it when all of the organ systems are combined?

A

an organism

32
Q

what do you call it when all of the organ systems are combined?

A

an organism

33
Q

what does the mouth do?

A

contains teeth to break up the food and glands to secrete amylase enzyme
to breakdown starch

34
Q

what does the gullet/oesophagus do?

A

pushes the food down to the stomach

35
Q

where does most of the digestion occur?

A

the small intestine

36
Q

explain the structure of the small intestine

A

it is very long, and is also folded to increase its surface area to absorb the broken down food

37
Q

what does the stomach do?

A

contains hydrochloric acid to destroy pathogens and secretes protease enzymes for the digestion of proteins

38
Q

what does the large intestine do?

A

continues to absorb digested molecules such as water

39
Q

what does the liver do?

A

secretes bile and the gall bladder and pancreas secrete more digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine to break down the large molecules further

40
Q

what does the rectum (followed by the anus) do?

A

allows any undigested matter to be egested

41
Q

what is an active site?

A

the shape enzymes fold into which has a hole/indentation in it

42
Q

what do you call it when the active site and reactants fit together?

A

an enzyme-substrate complex

43
Q

where does amylase work and what does it digest?

A

small intestine, digests starch to glucose

44
Q

where does lipase work and what does it digest?

A

small intestine, breaks down lipids (fats) to glycerol

45
Q

which gland produces amylase?

A

salivary gland and pancreas

46
Q

which gland produces lipase?

A

only pancreas

47
Q

where does protease work and what does it digest?

A

stomach, breaks down proteins into amino acids

48
Q

what is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that causes disease?

49
Q

what are some examples of pathogens?

A

-bacteria
-viruses
-fungi
-protists

50
Q

what are bacteria?

A

small, single-celled organisms that reproduce very rapidly by binary fission

51
Q

how can bacterial infections be treated?

A

antibiotics

52
Q

what are some examples of antibiotics?

A

-ampicillin
-erythromycin

53
Q

what are viruses?

A

even smaller than bacteria and actually reproduce by entering our cells and taking them over. this often damages or destroys the cell in the process

54
Q

what are the ways to spread pathogens?

A

-direct contact
-droplet infection
-contaminated food and drink
-through a break in the skin

55
Q

what is a vaccination?

A

designed to trigger the body’s own immune system, without causing the disease itself

56
Q

what do vaccines contain?

A

dead or inactive forms of the pathogen

57
Q

how do vaccines work?

A

the cells which have developed an immunity to the virus can very quickly produce the right antibodies again, so you destroy the pathogen before it can cause you harm

58
Q

what are the advantages of vaccines?

A

-they’ve greatly reduced the occurrence of numerous infectious diseases, saving countless lives
-if enough of the population is vaccinated, herd immunity prevents it from spreading so it eventually dies out

59
Q

what is variation?

A

the presence of variety, which refers to the differences between individuals

60
Q

what are the causes of variation?

A

-genetic, which are determined from birth from the parents and cannot be changed
-acquired, when they’re influenced by the conditions around the organism over its lifetime

61
Q

what does the theory of evolution state?

A

all living species today evolved from the first simple life forms billions of years ago

62
Q

what was darwins book called and when was it published?

A

‘on the origin of species’ in 1859

63
Q

who was writing a similar theory at the same time as darwin?

A

alfred russel wallace

64
Q

who had an opposing theory?

A

jean-baptise lamarck

65
Q

what was jean-baptise lamarcks theory?

A

any changes that occur in an organisms lifetime would be passed on to their offspring

66
Q

what were some objections to the evolutionary theory?

A

-not enough evidence
-gaps in the fossil record
-challenged the religious belief
-natural selection takes a long time

67
Q

what were some objections to the evolutionary theory?

A

-not enough evidence
-gaps in the fossil record
-challenged the religious belief
-natural selection takes a long time

68
Q

what are mutations?

A

changes to the dna sequence, usually when the cell copies itself

69
Q

what is speciation?

A

the formation of a new species from a pre-existing one

70
Q

how does speciation occur?

A

two or more populations of a species be ome isolated from each other

71
Q

what are the 4 ways fossils can be fomed?

A

-hard parts of organisms may not decay
-organic remains may be preserved of the conditions to decay aren’t ket
-hard parts are buried under sedimentary rock, minerals replace them
-footprints, tracks and burrows can be preserved in the rocks

72
Q

what are the problems with the fossil record?

A

-gaps when we have not found any fossils in that time period
-may have only found incomplete parts of the organism
-the soft parts of organisms wrecking rarely preserved
-organisms may have lived/died in parts of the world where fossils are rarelt formed
-fossils may have been destroyed by tectonic activity

73
Q

what is extinction?

A

the permanent loss of all the members of a species

74
Q

why might extinction occur?

A

-new predators
-new infectious diseases
-competition
-climate change
-volcanic eruptions
-asteroids

75
Q

what is the equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

76
Q

what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

-light intensity
-carbon dioxide concentration
-temperature

yr9 eoys (12 decks)

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