Chater 7-Memory Flashcards
What are the 3 types of memory
Sensory memory-brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to STM
short term memory-memory system that retains information for limited durations
Long term memory- relativity enduring(from minutes to years) retention of info stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills
What is memory
The retention of information over time
What is the process of memory(applies to all three types of memory)
- Encoding- process of getting information into the memory bank/system
- Storage-the retention of info over time
- Retrieval- the process of getting information of if storage
What are the two types of sensory memory
Iconic(visual memory)
Echoic (auditory memory)
What is the duration, context and quantity for each type of memory?
Sensory:
Duration= 1 second
Quantity=visual field
Context= pre-categorical
Short term:
Duration= up to 20 seconds
Quantity= 7(-/+ 2) items
Context= acoustic
Long term:
Duration= indefinite
Quantity: infinite
Context: semantic
What is chunking
Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory
What is the magic number
The span of short term memory, which is seven plus or minus two pieces
What is rehearsal? Describe the two different types
Rehearsal is the repeating of information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory and promote the likelihood of transfer to long term memory.
Maintenance rehearsal= repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory
Elaborative rehearsal= linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of info in STM
What is interference and what are the two types
Interference= loss of information from memory because of competition from additional information
Proactive interference= interference with acquisition of new info due to previous leaning of info
Retroactive interference= interference with retention of old info due to the acquisition of new info
What is permastore
Type of long term memory that appears to be permanent
What is a retrieval cue
Hints that make it easier for us to recall information
What is episodic and semantic memory?
Episodic memory= recollection of events in our lives(personal experiences)
Semantic memory= our general knowledge of language and facts about the world
What is the primary and decency effect
Primary effect: tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well
Recency effect: tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well
What is the Von Restorff effect?
Tendency to remember stimuli that sticks out and are distinctive from other stimuli
What is explicit and implicit memory?
Explicit memory: memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness.
-easy to verbalize
Ex. Explaining how to make cookies
Implicit memory: memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
-difficult to verbalize
Ex. Explain how to ride a bike
What is priming
Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli
Define mnemonic
A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall
Define schema
Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory
Define recall and recognition
Recall= generating previously remembered information
Recognition= selecting previously remembered information from an array of options
Familiarity vs source memory
Familiarity= feeling that something is known
Source memory= remembering where/when something was encountered
Describe the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
The experience of knowledge that we know something but being unable to access it
Distributed vs massed practice
Studying info in small increments over time(distributed) vs in large increments over a brief amount of time
Describe coding specificity
Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it
Context dependent learning vs state dependent learning
CDL= your surroundings influence how you encode
-*you want the study(encoding) and test conditions(recall) to match as much as possible= good recall
SDL= same idea… refers to internal conditions
* if you are tired while studying(encoding) you’ll do better in recall if you’re tired while writing the midterm
