Chater 7-Memory

Question 1

What are the 3 types of memory

Answer 1

Sensory memory-brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to STM

short term memory-memory system that retains information for limited durations

Long term memory- relativity enduring(from minutes to years) retention of info stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills

Question 2

What is memory

Answer 2

The retention of information over time

Question 3

What is the process of memory(applies to all three types of memory)

Answer 3

1. Encoding- process of getting information into the memory bank/system
2. Storage-the retention of info over time
3. Retrieval- the process of getting information of if storage

Question 4

What are the two types of sensory memory

Answer 4

Iconic(visual memory)

Echoic (auditory memory)

Question 5

What is the duration, context and quantity for each type of memory?

Answer 5

Sensory:
Duration= 1 second
Quantity=visual field
Context= pre-categorical

Short term:
Duration= up to 20 seconds
Quantity= 7(-/+ 2) items
Context= acoustic

Long term:
Duration= indefinite
Quantity: infinite
Context: semantic

Question 6

What is chunking

Answer 6

Organizing information into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend the span of short term memory

Question 7

What is the magic number

Answer 7

The span of short term memory, which is seven plus or minus two pieces

Question 8

What is rehearsal? Describe the two different types

Answer 8

Rehearsal is the repeating of information to extend the duration of retention in short term memory and promote the likelihood of transfer to long term memory.
Maintenance rehearsal= repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory
Elaborative rehearsal= linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of info in STM

Question 9

What is interference and what are the two types

Answer 9

Interference= loss of information from memory because of competition from additional information

Proactive interference= interference with acquisition of new info due to previous leaning of info

Retroactive interference= interference with retention of old info due to the acquisition of new info

Question 10

What is permastore

Answer 10

Type of long term memory that appears to be permanent

Question 11

What is a retrieval cue

Answer 11

Hints that make it easier for us to recall information

Question 12

What is episodic and semantic memory?

Answer 12

Episodic memory= recollection of events in our lives(personal experiences)

Semantic memory= our general knowledge of language and facts about the world

Question 13

What is the primary and decency effect

Answer 13

Primary effect: tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well

Recency effect: tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well

Question 14

What is the Von Restorff effect?

Answer 14

Tendency to remember stimuli that sticks out and are distinctive from other stimuli

Question 15

What is explicit and implicit memory?

Answer 15

Explicit memory: memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness.
-easy to verbalize
Ex. Explaining how to make cookies

Implicit memory: memories we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously
-difficult to verbalize
Ex. Explain how to ride a bike

Question 16

What is priming

Answer 16

Our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after we’ve encountered similar stimuli

Question 17

Define mnemonic

Answer 17

A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall

Question 18

Define schema

Answer 18

Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory

Question 19

Define recall and recognition

Answer 19

Recall= generating previously remembered information

Recognition= selecting previously remembered information from an array of options

Question 20

Familiarity vs source memory

Answer 20

Familiarity= feeling that something is known

Source memory= remembering where/when something was encountered

Question 21

Describe the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 21

The experience of knowledge that we know something but being unable to access it

Question 22

Distributed vs massed practice

Answer 22

Studying info in small increments over time(distributed) vs in large increments over a brief amount of time

Question 23

Describe coding specificity

Answer 23

Phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it

Question 24

Context dependent learning vs state dependent learning

Answer 24

CDL= your surroundings influence how you encode
-*you want the study(encoding) and test conditions(recall) to match as much as possible= good recall

SDL= same idea… refers to internal conditions
* if you are tired while studying(encoding) you’ll do better in recall if you’re tired while writing the midterm

Question 25

Describe long term potentiation

Answer 25

LTP= long lasting strengthening of the connections between 2 neurons after synchronous activation

Question 26

Describe long term depression

Answer 26

LTD= long lasting weakening of the connections between two neurons after low patterns of activation

Question 27

Retrograde amnesia vs anterograde amnesia

Answer 27

RGA - loss of memories from our past

AGA- inability to encode new memories from our experiences

Question 28

Define meta-memory

Answer 28

Knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations

Question 29

Define infinite amnesia

Answer 29

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place at an early age

Question 30

What are flashbulb memories

Answer 30

Emotional memory that is extraordinary vivid and detailed

Question 31

Describe source monitoring confusion

Answer 31

Lack of clarity about the origin of a memory

Question 32

Define cryptomnesia(hidden memory)

Answer 32

Failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else
Ex are some cases of plagiarism

Question 33

What is a suggestive memory technique

Answer 33

Procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place

Question 34

Describe misinformation effect

Answer 34

Creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place

Question 35

What are the branches of implicit and explicit memory?

Answer 35

Explicitly memory branches into semantic and episodic memory

Implicit memory branches into priming, procedural, conditioning and habituation